{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297571017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","title":"A QoS Classifier Based on Machine Learning for Next-Generation Optical Communication","display_name":"A QoS Classifier Based on Machine Learning for Next-Generation Optical Communication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297571017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11162619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2619/pdf?version=1661054716","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2619/pdf?version=1661054716","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047125842","display_name":"Somia A. Abd El-Mottaleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-3557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-3557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129754710","display_name":"Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qm7b611","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129754710"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somia A. Abd El-Mottaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria 21311, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-3557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria 21311, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129754710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005794715","display_name":"Ahmed M\u00e9twalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-3804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-3804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M\u00e9twalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007232302","display_name":"Abdellah Chehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-6062","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-6062","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2261-9528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Chehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-6062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091664028","display_name":"Hassan Yousif Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-2271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-2271"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Yousif Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-2271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088218731","display_name":"Medien Zeghid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-3455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-3455"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166928557","display_name":"University of Monastir","ror":"https://ror.org/00nhtcg76","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166928557"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Medien Zeghid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia","Electronics and Micro-Electronics Laboratory (E. \u03bc. E. L), Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-3455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Micro-Electronics Laboratory (E. \u03bc. E. L), Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166928557"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028567496","display_name":"Akhtar Nawaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-5638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-5638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhtar Nawaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Jalozai Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-5638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Jalozai Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007232302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":1.3624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79443543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"16","first_page":"2619","last_page":"2619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.8661999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.8661999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.04039999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.032499998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-factor","display_name":"quality factor","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"bit error rate","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicollinearity","display_name":"multicollinearity","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree-classifier","display_name":"decision tree classification","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.953000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5984334349632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5937753915786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.5505488514900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5199988484382629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4846406579017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189285262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332350","display_name":"Multicollinearity","level":3,"score":0.4820466935634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4803513288497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4730367362499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152732102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13434396","display_name":"Variance inflation factor","level":4,"score":0.46993905305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.46476730704307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46398285031318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.45946168899536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.45063844323158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4176112413406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3730311989784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2510037124156952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.20730575919151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.08644521236419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11162619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2619/pdf?version=1661054716","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c951adb1d4a7471896b6fed918a90f39","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c951adb1d4a7471896b6fed918a90f39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronics, Vol 11, Iss 2619, p 2619 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11162619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2619/pdf?version=1661054716","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297571017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297571017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014767384","https://openalex.org/W2098382730","https://openalex.org/W2143508752","https://openalex.org/W2159498718","https://openalex.org/W2583637365","https://openalex.org/W2767185818","https://openalex.org/W2772362066","https://openalex.org/W2783285794","https://openalex.org/W2802502226","https://openalex.org/W2902931791","https://openalex.org/W2978582603","https://openalex.org/W3022607879","https://openalex.org/W3046284165","https://openalex.org/W3092248103","https://openalex.org/W3127355490","https://openalex.org/W3157261357","https://openalex.org/W3161722992","https://openalex.org/W4281684196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6920313885","https://openalex.org/W3006159959","https://openalex.org/W7167264118","https://openalex.org/W3156097133","https://openalex.org/W2894189411","https://openalex.org/W4409916874","https://openalex.org/W4308088905","https://openalex.org/W3120020704","https://openalex.org/W4362698949","https://openalex.org/W3215227286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"classification":[1,208],"is":[2,14,85,160],"essential":[3],"nowadays,":[4],"as":[5,66,102,175],"determining":[6],"the":[7,11,75,89,117,121,131,164,167,169,176,181,203,206],"transmission":[8],"code":[9,25,38],"at":[10],"receiver":[12,194],"side":[13],"a":[15,108,146],"challenge.":[16],"A":[17],"novel":[18],"algorithm":[19],"for":[20,68,120],"fixed":[21],"right":[22],"shift":[23],"(FRS)":[24],"may":[26],"be":[27,64],"employed":[28],"in":[29,74,163],"embedded":[30,79],"next-generation":[31],"optical":[32],"fiber":[33],"communication":[34],"(OFC)":[35],"systems.":[36],"The":[37,51,82,112,156],"aims":[39],"to":[40,63,87,130],"provide":[41],"various":[42],"quality":[43],"of":[44,77,107,123,136],"services":[45],"(QoS):":[46],"audio,":[47],"video,":[48],"and":[49,57,72,96,126,139,152,180,188],"data.":[50],"Q-factor,":[52,124],"bit":[53],"error":[54],"rate":[55],"(BER),":[56],"signal-to-noise":[58],"ratio":[59],"(SNR)":[60],"are":[61,100,104,128,199],"studied":[62],"used":[65,73,86],"predictors":[67],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"(ML)":[71],"design":[76],"an":[78],"QoS":[80],"classifier.":[81],"hypothesis":[83,113],"test":[84],"prove":[88],"ML":[90,170],"input":[91],"data":[92,109],"robustness.":[93],"Pearson\u2019s":[94,142],"correlation":[95,143,149],"variance-inflation":[97],"factor":[98],"(VIF)":[99],"revealed,":[101,200],"they":[103],"typical":[105],"detectors":[106],"multicollinearity":[110],"problem.":[111],"testing":[114],"shows":[115,145,172],"that":[116,202],"statistical":[118],"properties":[119],"samples":[122],"BER,":[125],"SNR":[127],"similar":[129],"population":[132],"dataset,":[133],"with":[134,154],"p-values":[135],"0.98,":[137],"0.99,":[138],"0.97,":[140],"respectively.":[141,191],"matrix":[144],"highly":[147],"positive":[148],"between":[150],"Q-factor":[151],"SNR,":[153],"0.9.":[155],"highest":[157],"VIF":[158],"value":[159],"4.5,":[161],"resulting":[162],"Q-factor.":[165],"In":[166],"end,":[168],"evaluation":[171],"promising":[173],"results":[174],"decision":[177],"tree":[178],"(DT)":[179],"random":[182],"forest":[183],"(RF)":[184],"classifiers":[185],"achieve":[186],"94%":[187],"99%":[189],"accuracy,":[190],"Each":[192],"case\u2019s":[193],"operating":[195],"characteristic":[196],"(ROC)":[197],"curves":[198],"showing":[201],"RF":[204],"outperforms":[205],"DT":[207],"performance.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-09-29T00:00:00"}