{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297464152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","title":"Modality in Spoken Malaysian English: A Comparison with the Supervarieties","display_name":"Modality in Spoken Malaysian English: A Comparison with the Supervarieties","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297464152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","pdf_url":"http://ejournal.ukm.my/3l/article/download/57632/13382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230078","display_name":"3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies","issn_l":"0128-5157","issn":["0128-5157","2550-2247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320677","host_organization_name":"Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://ejournal.ukm.my/3l/article/download/57632/13382","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leng Hong Ang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leng Hong Ang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Humanities,\r\nUniversiti Sains Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Humanities,\r\nUniversiti Sains Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074026124","display_name":"Mengyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5268-1331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5268-1331","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-8414"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099437","display_name":"Hubei University Of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/012a84b59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099437"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Foreign Languages,\r\nHubei University of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages,\r\nHubei University of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099437"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048414566","display_name":"Hajar Abdul Rahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6852-9766","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6852-9766"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hajar Abdul Rahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Humanities,\r\nUniversiti Sains Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Humanities,\r\nUniversiti Sains Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":300},"apc_paid":{"value":300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":300},"fwci":0.6327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73883573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"116","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.4088999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.4088999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10366","display_name":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","score":0.15780000388622284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.07450000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"modality","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal-verbs","display_name":"modal verbs","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaysian-english","display_name":"Malaysian English","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-english","display_name":"spoken English","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-english","display_name":"British English","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-english","display_name":"American English","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nativization","display_name":"nativization","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-contact","display_name":"language contact","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48314727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560570","display_name":"Modal verb","level":3,"score":0.8455053567886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.7662754058837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777939226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7976","display_name":"American English","level":2,"score":0.7195683717727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.6758818030357361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.6360557675361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5993358492851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778575526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631145","display_name":"Varieties of English","level":2,"score":0.5777568817138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779855358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7979","display_name":"British English","level":2,"score":0.458883136510849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4358299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.4273717403411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776725116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236935","display_name":"British National Corpus","level":2,"score":0.42260098457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3594232201576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3511565923690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2918781042098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12212276458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.11462080478668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","pdf_url":"http://ejournal.ukm.my/3l/article/download/57632/13382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230078","display_name":"3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies","issn_l":"0128-5157","issn":["0128-5157","2550-2247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320677","host_organization_name":"Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:20686","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://funes.uniandes.edu.co/20686/1/Boggino1987Geometria.pdf","pdf_url":"http://aquaticcommons.org/20686/1/orah%20meza.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401736","display_name":"UKM Journal Article Repository (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","host_organization_name":"National University of Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/3l-2022-2803-08","pdf_url":"http://ejournal.ukm.my/3l/article/download/57632/13382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230078","display_name":"3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies","issn_l":"0128-5157","issn":["0128-5157","2550-2247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320677","host_organization_name":"Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297464152.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297464152.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562101998","https://openalex.org/W612191649","https://openalex.org/W1146155598","https://openalex.org/W1991189057","https://openalex.org/W2073094450","https://openalex.org/W2112250349","https://openalex.org/W2116780029","https://openalex.org/W2127079635","https://openalex.org/W2485411742","https://openalex.org/W2765737246","https://openalex.org/W4233498892","https://openalex.org/W4239942206","https://openalex.org/W4249488199","https://openalex.org/W4285581967","https://openalex.org/W4297464152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1873040953","https://openalex.org/W1991189057","https://openalex.org/W2506739268","https://openalex.org/W2542643631","https://openalex.org/W562101998","https://openalex.org/W7134239189","https://openalex.org/W7095237446","https://openalex.org/W2137568345","https://openalex.org/W2585424987","https://openalex.org/W2494524677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,150,214,240],"interest":[1],"in":[2,18,25,101,126,161,184,190,208,211,254],"Malaysian":[3,9,19,42,59,79,129,163,233,257,267],"English":[4,10,20,43,53,60,64,80,130,138,164,176,234,238],"generated":[5],"many":[6],"studies":[7,81],"on":[8,12,40,146,245],"focusing":[11],"various":[13],"grammatical":[14],"features.":[15],"However,":[16],"modality":[17],"is":[21,61,66],"still":[22],"under-researched,":[23],"especially":[24],"post-independence":[26,255],"and":[27,54,90,98,108,121,136,158,177,196,230,251],"new":[28,33,237,243],"Englishes":[29],"contexts.":[30],"As":[31],"a":[32,84,94,236],"variety":[34],"of":[35,78,87,93,96,156,170,193,232,249],"English,":[36],"it":[37],"raises":[38],"questions":[39],"how":[41,55],"has":[44],"developed":[45],"from":[46],"the":[47,76,88,123,127,133,144,147,154,171,185,191,200,209,227,246],"historical":[48],"input":[49],"variety,":[50],"i.e.,":[51,173],"British":[52,135,175],"resistant":[56],"or":[57],"accepting":[58],"to":[62,73,75,119],"American":[63,109,137,178],"which":[65],"highly":[67],"influential":[68],"globally.":[69],"This":[70],"study":[71,186],"aimed":[72],"contribute":[74],"development":[77],"by":[82,226],"reporting":[83],"corpus-based":[85],"research":[86],"frequency":[89],"statistical":[91],"differences":[92,189,221],"set":[95],"modal":[97,157,195,250,262],"quasi-modal":[99,159,197,252,264],"verbs":[100,160,198,253],"three":[102],"spoken":[103,128,134,162,174,256,266],"corpora":[104,139],"representing":[105],"Malaysian,":[106],"British,":[107],"English.":[110,179,258],"AntConc":[111],"software":[112],"(Version":[113],"3.5.9)":[114],"(Anthony,":[115],"2020)":[116],"was":[117],"used":[118],"explore":[120],"generate":[122],"relevant":[124],"data":[125],"corpus,":[131],"while":[132],"were":[140],"accessed":[141],"online":[142],"using":[143,212],"tools":[145],"respective":[148],"websites.":[149],"findings":[151,241],"show":[152],"that":[153,203,218],"use":[155,192],"does":[165],"not":[166,206],"entirely":[167],"resemble":[168],"either":[169],"Supervarieties,":[172],"Log-likelihood":[180],"test":[181],"carried":[182],"out":[183],"shows":[187],"significant":[188,220],"certain":[194],"between":[199],"varieties,":[201],"suggesting":[202],"Supervarieties":[204,269],"are":[205,222],"always":[207],"lead":[210],"quasi-modals.":[213],"results":[215],"also":[216],"suggest":[217],"these":[219],"mainly":[223],"accounted":[224],"for":[225],"nativisation":[228],"process":[229],"evolution":[231],"as":[235],"variety.":[239],"shed":[242],"light":[244],"current":[247],"knowledge":[248],"Keywords":[259],":":[260],"corpus-based;":[261],"verbs;":[263,265],"English;":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-09-29T00:00:00"}