{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297200749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","title":"Failure analysis of fabrication process in hermetic wafer-level packaging for microbolometer focal plane arrays","display_name":"Failure analysis of fabrication process in hermetic wafer-level packaging for microbolometer focal plane arrays","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297200749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133646729","display_name":"Microelectronics Reliability","issn_l":"0026-2714","issn":["0026-2714","1872-941X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microelectronics Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009491149","display_name":"Hexin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9947-465X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9947-465X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084236664","display_name":"Avisek Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2538-7315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2538-7315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019895523","display_name":"Hoang\u2010Vu Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-948X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-948X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.-V. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072327161","display_name":"Z. Ramic","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Ramic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027771430","display_name":"Knut Eilif Aasmundtveit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-1916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-1916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.E. Aasmundtveit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046846071","display_name":"Per Alfred \u00d8hlckers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4738-8036","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4738-8036"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Ohlckers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009491149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"],"apc_list":{"value":2260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2260},"apc_paid":{"value":2260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2260},"fwci":0.3424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46656539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"138","issue":null,"first_page":"114712","last_page":"114712"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.6265000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.6265000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10460","display_name":"Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies","score":0.35670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncooled-infrared-camera","display_name":"uncooled infrared camera","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-mechanisms","display_name":"failure mechanisms","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-sealing","display_name":"vacuum sealing","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bonding-pressure","display_name":"bonding pressure","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroplating","display_name":"electroplating","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/package-reliability","display_name":"package reliability","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165013422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4388382","display_name":"Wafer dicing","level":3,"score":0.9122252464294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160671074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267131","display_name":"Wafer","level":2,"score":0.8208694458007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7095972299575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.5152826309204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776111576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495462","display_name":"Microbolometer","level":4,"score":0.5124285817146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5098751783370972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44445679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2538844","display_name":"Wafer testing","level":3,"score":0.47401338815689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.467551589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109880203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1505601","display_name":"Lapping","level":2,"score":0.4501981735229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780288131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4017648","display_name":"Wafer-level packaging","level":3,"score":0.4385257065296173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.43667179346084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51807945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503392","display_name":"Electroplating","level":3,"score":0.43430081009864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23946744203567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15736991167068481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1416429877281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21028948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852212","display_name":"Bolometer","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133646729","display_name":"Microelectronics Reliability","issn_l":"0026-2714","issn":["0026-2714","1872-941X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microelectronics Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133646729","display_name":"Microelectronics Reliability","issn_l":"0026-2714","issn":["0026-2714","1872-941X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microelectronics Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2612919513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"245963 /F50","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8614518974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"826588","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","funder_display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319005","display_name":"Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6f0h78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","ror":"https://ror.org/02afwgc64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013937926","https://openalex.org/W2017480229","https://openalex.org/W2019794652","https://openalex.org/W2037733070","https://openalex.org/W2074048723","https://openalex.org/W2082350957","https://openalex.org/W2113528547","https://openalex.org/W2311030912","https://openalex.org/W2477047852","https://openalex.org/W2755637621","https://openalex.org/W2886413955","https://openalex.org/W2921099694","https://openalex.org/W3035164309","https://openalex.org/W3080231972","https://openalex.org/W3131467787","https://openalex.org/W3210211269","https://openalex.org/W3216578717","https://openalex.org/W4206038334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975487941","https://openalex.org/W4416883821","https://openalex.org/W4402557633","https://openalex.org/W4385525526","https://openalex.org/W2133184881","https://openalex.org/W1988085157","https://openalex.org/W2744751204","https://openalex.org/W4300758678","https://openalex.org/W4320919391","https://openalex.org/W2327682491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wafer-level":[0],"hermetic":[1,51],"packaging":[2,201],"is":[3,25],"attractive":[4],"for":[5,77,103,202],"microbolometer-based":[6],"uncooled":[7],"infrared":[8],"cameras":[9],"as":[10,183],"it":[11],"enables":[12],"low":[13,134],"manufacturing":[14],"cost":[15],"and":[16,71,120,137,159],"high-volume":[17],"production":[18],"of":[19,43,139,171,198],"the":[20,41,74,88,94,98,117,124,165,189,196],"sensors.":[21],"A":[22,79,141],"large":[23,50],"package":[24],"designed":[26],"to":[27,47,92,132],"accommodate":[28],"highly":[29],"sensitive":[30],"microbolometers":[31],"with":[32,127,150],"a":[33,133,175],"high":[34,142,178],"pixel":[35],"count.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"focuses":[39],"on":[40,87,123],"study":[42,83,108],"failure":[44],"mechanisms":[45],"related":[46],"fabricating":[48],"such":[49],"packages":[52],"at":[53],"wafer-level.":[54],"We":[55],"bonded":[56,90],"wafers":[57],"containing":[58],"~12":[59],"mm":[60,63],"\u00d7":[61],"12":[62],"dies":[64,91,173],"using":[65],"CuSn":[66],"solid-liquid":[67],"interdiffusion":[68],"(SLID)":[69],"bonding":[70,111,157],"subsequently":[72],"analysed":[73],"possible":[75],"causes":[76,102],"failures.":[78],"time-dependent":[80],"cap":[81,125,162,166,190],"deflection":[82,167,191],"was":[84],"carried":[85],"out":[86,170],"successfully":[89],"evaluate":[93],"vacuum":[95,179],"condition":[96],"inside":[97],"package.":[99],"The":[100],"main":[101],"failures":[104],"determined":[105],"by":[106,147,185],"this":[107,199],"include":[109],"insufficient":[110],"pressure,":[112,158],"non-uniform":[113],"electroplating,":[114],"voids":[115],"in":[116,174,188],"sealing":[118],"frame,":[119],"local":[121],"cracks":[122],"wafer":[126,176],"cavity.":[128],"These":[129],"factors":[130],"contribute":[131],"dicing":[135,143],"yield":[136,144],"loss":[138],"vacuum.":[140],"were":[145],"obtained":[146],"Cu":[148],"electroplating":[149],"5":[151],"mA/cm2":[152],"current":[153],"density,":[154],"\u22654":[155],"MPa":[156],"\u2265200":[160],"\u03bcm":[161],"thickness.":[163],"In":[164],"study,":[168],"7":[169],"19":[172],"maintained":[177],"after":[180],"178":[181],"days":[182],"indicated":[184],"limited":[186],"decline":[187],"(~1\u20136":[192],"%),":[193],"which":[194],"shows":[195],"potential":[197],"wafer-level":[200],"obtaining":[203],"long-term":[204],"reliability.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-09-27T00:00:00"}
