{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296312456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","title":"Recycling Electric Arc Furnace Slag into Fertilizer: Effects of \u201cWaste Product\u201d on Growth and Physiology of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","display_name":"Recycling Electric Arc Furnace Slag into Fertilizer: Effects of \u201cWaste Product\u201d on Growth and Physiology of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296312456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12092218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2218/pdf?version=1663741860","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2218/pdf?version=1663741860","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062450382","display_name":"Sandra Radi\u0107 Brkanac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3848-4042","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3848-4042"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Radi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034575832","display_name":"Dubravka Sandev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2813-2043","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2813-2043"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dubravka Sandev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2813-2043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027691505","display_name":"Kre\u0161imir Maldini","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kre\u0161imir Maldini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Croatian Waters, Main Water Management Laboratory, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Croatian Waters, Main Water Management Laboratory, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088954499","display_name":"Valerija Vuj\u010di\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-8082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-8082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerija Vuj\u010di\u0107 Bok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-8082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010528735","display_name":"Hrvoje Lepedu\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-7007","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-7007"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51314090","display_name":"University of Osijek","ror":"https://ror.org/05sw4wc49","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51314090"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hrvoje Lepedu\u0161","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia","Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51314090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51314090"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065801147","display_name":"Ana\u2010Marija Domijan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-9732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-9732"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana-Marija Domijan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065801147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":2.0077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85159359,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"2218","last_page":"2218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.2705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.2705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.26759999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.1534000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-arc-furnace-slag","display_name":"electric arc furnace slag","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slag-utilization","display_name":"slag utilization","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-bean","display_name":"Phaseolus vulgaris","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/npk-fertilizer","display_name":"NPK fertilizer","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-growth","display_name":"plant growth","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetic-characteristics","display_name":"photosynthetic characteristics","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-reductase","display_name":"nitrate reductase","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytotoxicity","display_name":"phytotoxicity","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-nutrient-status","display_name":"soil nutrient status","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steelmaking-waste","display_name":"steel industry waste","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-valorization","display_name":"waste valorization","score":0.3100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776286235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310438","display_name":"Phaseolus","level":2,"score":0.8462191224098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159048435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783","display_name":"Slag (welding)","level":2,"score":0.7474858164787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.7115471959114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199948506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650993","display_name":"Electric arc furnace","level":2,"score":0.6380339860916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.583713710308075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.4891350567340851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.48499390482902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.429287314414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.3379932641983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.29020196199417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.25148072838783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1516638994216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12640652060508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12092218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2218/pdf?version=1663741860","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8a5f3a8e49c4b0d904999ce9c15812f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8a5f3a8e49c4b0d904999ce9c15812f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 2218 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12092218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2218/pdf?version=1663741860","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"score":0.4390000104904175,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310928","display_name":"Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Zagrebu","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296312456.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296312456.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81548571","https://openalex.org/W116253160","https://openalex.org/W1573654466","https://openalex.org/W1601587961","https://openalex.org/W1913786064","https://openalex.org/W1974423432","https://openalex.org/W1994937952","https://openalex.org/W1996951052","https://openalex.org/W2001350202","https://openalex.org/W2004981936","https://openalex.org/W2006400737","https://openalex.org/W2008129180","https://openalex.org/W2019972812","https://openalex.org/W2031777982","https://openalex.org/W2036484965","https://openalex.org/W2045772188","https://openalex.org/W2066618664","https://openalex.org/W2082365210","https://openalex.org/W2084295877","https://openalex.org/W2093846586","https://openalex.org/W2095223245","https://openalex.org/W2097653436","https://openalex.org/W2133972657","https://openalex.org/W2160474674","https://openalex.org/W2167282177","https://openalex.org/W2215820620","https://openalex.org/W2288499012","https://openalex.org/W2353914942","https://openalex.org/W2383268784","https://openalex.org/W2498514198","https://openalex.org/W2564815830","https://openalex.org/W2591296016","https://openalex.org/W2739973204","https://openalex.org/W2798109572","https://openalex.org/W2899175803","https://openalex.org/W2908506357","https://openalex.org/W3010381287","https://openalex.org/W3016959216","https://openalex.org/W3102752549","https://openalex.org/W4291498020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891802521","https://openalex.org/W2082979804","https://openalex.org/W2626333239","https://openalex.org/W2284512541","https://openalex.org/W1969562536","https://openalex.org/W2000232476","https://openalex.org/W2582377454","https://openalex.org/W4405414064","https://openalex.org/W3210855901","https://openalex.org/W2896857198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,67],"aim":[1],"of":[2,84,98,109,143,153,162,197,231],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,34,200],"to":[6,71,168,234,244],"investigate":[7],"if":[8],"electric":[9],"arc":[10],"furnace":[11],"(EAF)":[12],"slag":[13,47,58,104,127,164,199,212],"generated":[14],"during":[15],"steel":[16],"production":[17],"could":[18],"have":[19],"an":[20,222,237],"application":[21],"as":[22,87,89,156,158,203,221,227],"a":[23,31,150,160,189,215,228],"soil":[24,43,111,224],"enhancer":[25],"in":[26,42,63,121,171],"agriculture.":[27],"For":[28],"that":[29,80],"purpose,":[30],"greenhouse":[32],"experiment":[33],"conducted":[35],"on":[36,192],"common":[37],"beans":[38,68],"(Phaseolus":[39],"vulgaris)":[40],"cultivated":[41],"enriched":[44],"with":[45,149,159,236],"EAF":[46,57,103,126,133,154,163,198,211],"(at":[48],"1%":[49],"and":[50,59,94,112,119,145,165,181,184,226],"2%":[51],"level),":[52],"synthetic":[53,60,245],"fertilizer":[54],"(NPK),":[55],"combined":[56],"fertilizer,":[61],"or":[62,239],"control":[64],"(untreated)":[65],"soil.":[66],"were":[69,101],"exposed":[70],"test":[72],"soils":[73],"until":[74],"maturity":[75],"(for":[76],"8":[77],"weeks).":[78],"Following":[79],"period,":[81],"physico-chemical":[82],"properties":[83],"the":[85,106,110,206],"soils,":[86],"well":[88,157],"nutrient":[90],"status,":[91],"growth,":[92],"photosynthetic":[93,176],"oxidative":[95,207],"stress":[96,208],"parameters":[97,174],"bean":[99,123,193],"plants":[100],"determined.":[102],"improved":[105],"mineral":[107],"status":[108],"significantly":[113],"increased":[114,130],"Fe,":[115],"Mg,":[116],"N,":[117],"P":[118],"K":[120],"different":[122],"plant":[124,131],"organs.":[125],"and/or":[128],"NPK":[129],"height.":[132],"slag,":[134,155],"especially":[135],"at":[136,214],"lower":[137,151],"levels,":[138],"positively":[139],"affected":[140],"dry":[141],"weight":[142],"leaf":[144],"seed.":[146],"Soil":[147],"supplementation":[148],"level":[152,217],"combination":[161],"NPK,":[166],"led":[167],"significant":[169],"improvement":[170],"gas":[172],"exchange":[173],"(net":[175],"rate,":[177],"intercellular":[178],"CO2":[179],"concentration":[180],"stomatal":[182],"conductance)":[183],"nitrate":[185],"reductase":[186],"activity,":[187],"indicating":[188],"positive":[190],"influence":[191],"plants.":[194],"Potential":[195],"phytotoxicity":[196],"not":[201],"detected,":[202],"evidenced":[204],"by":[205],"parameters.":[209],"Thus,":[210],"applied":[213],"low":[216],"shows":[218],"promising":[219],"potential":[220],"efficient":[223],"enhancer,":[225],"valuable":[229],"source":[230],"nutrients":[232],"essential":[233],"plants,":[235],"equal":[238],"even":[240],"better":[241],"performance":[242],"compared":[243],"fertilizer.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-09-20T00:00:00"}
