{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296252926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","title":"Potential Use of Exhaled Breath Condensate for Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Potential Use of Exhaled Breath Condensate for Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296252926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36140647","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9497929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics12092245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2245/pdf?version=1663411244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2245/pdf?version=1663411244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046030435","display_name":"Matteo Ricc\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-2159","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-2159"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090508","display_name":"Azienda Sanitaria Unit\u00e0 Locale di Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/001bbwj30","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090508"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Ricc\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, I-42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-2159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, I-42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033593914","display_name":"Alessandro Zaniboni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Zaniboni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087300869","display_name":"Elia Satta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elia Satta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035264158","display_name":"Silvia Ranzieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-8624","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-8624"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Ranzieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-8624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068967203","display_name":"Federico Marchesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-3224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-3224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Marchesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046030435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090508"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"fwci":0.3017,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33049877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"2245","last_page":"2245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaled-breath-condensate","display_name":"exhaled breath condensate","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-diagnosis","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rt-qpcr","display_name":"RT-qPCR","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"sensitivity and specificity","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/airway-lining-fluid","display_name":"airway lining fluid","score":0.7490000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780037985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420171","display_name":"Exhaled breath condensate","level":3,"score":0.9260272979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.7861547470092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6868801712989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6836224794387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6348760724067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.6175916790962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.4647824764251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14401","display_name":"Kappa","level":2,"score":0.45795950293540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.45393240451812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3511185646057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.32020366191864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.07720062136650085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics12092245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2245/pdf?version=1663411244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36140647","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36140647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9497929","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9497929/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4697e56b0b5f4cebae704a6ffa4c0333","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4697e56b0b5f4cebae704a6ffa4c0333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 2245 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics12092245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2245/pdf?version=1663411244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296252926.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296252926.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W246286872","https://openalex.org/W1923158878","https://openalex.org/W1968764851","https://openalex.org/W2059200923","https://openalex.org/W2107638293","https://openalex.org/W2113321769","https://openalex.org/W2147922646","https://openalex.org/W2156098321","https://openalex.org/W2399889412","https://openalex.org/W2611091259","https://openalex.org/W2782493326","https://openalex.org/W2990024150","https://openalex.org/W2999598292","https://openalex.org/W3010604545","https://openalex.org/W3014271510","https://openalex.org/W3014281460","https://openalex.org/W3022200049","https://openalex.org/W3022344726","https://openalex.org/W3024803619","https://openalex.org/W3025139238","https://openalex.org/W3026059552","https://openalex.org/W3081288565","https://openalex.org/W3094051059","https://openalex.org/W3115205629","https://openalex.org/W3121697866","https://openalex.org/W3127013837","https://openalex.org/W3137314536","https://openalex.org/W3142581653","https://openalex.org/W3151828406","https://openalex.org/W3156030570","https://openalex.org/W3160638613","https://openalex.org/W3176219792","https://openalex.org/W3179168355","https://openalex.org/W3193326705","https://openalex.org/W3208520483","https://openalex.org/W3209471444","https://openalex.org/W3209779245","https://openalex.org/W3211257033","https://openalex.org/W4200259916","https://openalex.org/W4205998015","https://openalex.org/W4206206611","https://openalex.org/W4206673366","https://openalex.org/W4207022030","https://openalex.org/W4210780230","https://openalex.org/W4214877816","https://openalex.org/W4214919538","https://openalex.org/W4220777055","https://openalex.org/W4229028788","https://openalex.org/W4283327493","https://openalex.org/W4283785043","https://openalex.org/W4285596375","https://openalex.org/W4287877374","https://openalex.org/W4289517359","https://openalex.org/W4294215472","https://openalex.org/W6774707739"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4207022030","https://openalex.org/W3160638613","https://openalex.org/W3094051059","https://openalex.org/W3090151516","https://openalex.org/W4284992511","https://openalex.org/W4214919538","https://openalex.org/W4404264164","https://openalex.org/W2147922646","https://openalex.org/W3182567769","https://openalex.org/W4309028178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Reverse-transcriptase":[1],"polymerase":[2],"chain":[3],"reaction":[4],"(RT-qPCR)":[5],"assays":[6],"performed":[7,51],"on":[8],"respiratory":[9,70],"samples":[10],"collected":[11],"through":[12,42],"nasal":[13,119],"swabs":[14,120],"still":[15,32,135],"represent":[16],"the":[17,36,61,114,161,165,184,191],"gold":[18,115],"standard":[19,116],"for":[20,72,74,130],"COVID-19":[21,133],"diagnosis.":[22],"Alternative":[23],"methods":[24],"to":[25,59,68,158,181],"this":[26],"invasive":[27],"and":[28,55,97,109,160,173],"time-consuming":[29],"options":[30,129],"are":[31,134,168,179],"being":[33],"inquired,":[34],"including":[35],"collection":[37],"of":[38,63,76,81,93,101,132,187,193],"airways":[39],"lining":[40],"fluids":[41],"exhaled":[43],"breath":[44],"condensate":[45],"(EBC).":[46],"MATERIALS":[47],"AND":[48],"METHODS:":[49],"We":[50],"a":[52,66,90,98],"systematic":[53],"review":[54,167],"meta-analysis":[56],"in":[57,147,164,190],"order":[58],"explore":[60],"reliability":[62,186],"EBC":[64],"as":[65,151],"way":[67],"collect":[69],"specimens":[71],"RT-qPCR":[73,138,189],"diagnosis":[75,131,192],"COVID-19.":[77,194],"RESULTS:":[78],"A":[79],"total":[80],"4":[82],"studies":[83,153,162],"(205":[84],"specimens),":[85],"were":[86],"ultimately":[87,143],"collected,":[88],"with":[89,106,113],"pooled":[91,99],"sensitivity":[92],"69.5%":[94],"(95%CI":[95,103],"26.8-93.4),":[96],"specificity":[100],"98.3%":[102],"87.8-99.8),":[104],"associated":[105],"high":[107],"heterogeneity":[108],"scarce":[110,140],"diagnostic":[111,141],"agreement":[112],"represented":[117],"by":[118,170],"(Cohen's":[121],"kappa":[122],"=":[123],"0.585).":[124],"DISCUSSION:":[125],"Even":[126],"though":[127],"non-invasive":[128],"necessary,":[136],"EBC-based":[137,188],"showed":[139],"performances,":[142],"impairing":[144],"its":[145],"implementation":[146],"real-world":[148],"settings.":[149],"However,":[150],"few":[152],"have":[154],"been":[155],"carried":[156],"out":[157],"date,":[159],"included":[163],"present":[166],"characterized":[169],"low":[171,174],"numbers":[172],"sample":[175],"power,":[176],"further":[177],"research":[178],"requested":[180],"fully":[182],"characterize":[183],"actual":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-09-19T00:00:00"}