{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296137077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","title":"A Study on the Prediction of Cancer Using Whole-Genome Data and Deep Learning","display_name":"A Study on the Prediction of Cancer Using Whole-Genome Data and Deep Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296137077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142316","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9499478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms231810396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10396/pdf?version=1662641437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10396/pdf?version=1662641437","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075158471","display_name":"Young-Ji Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-8109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-8109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145808223","display_name":"Hanbat National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x514t95","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Ji Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056898095","display_name":"Junhyung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-6362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-6362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405283590","display_name":"3BIGS (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/01y33nv53","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405283590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun-Hyung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["3BIGS Co., Ltd., 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-6362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3BIGS Co., Ltd., 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405283590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363404","display_name":"Seung-Ho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-2989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-2989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145808223","display_name":"Hanbat National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x514t95","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Ho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-2989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100363404"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2408},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2408},"fwci":1.1239,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74184533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"18","first_page":"10396","last_page":"10396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.8715999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.8715999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.061000000685453415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-prediction","display_name":"cancer prediction","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-genome-sequencing","display_name":"whole genome sequencing","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-embeddings","display_name":"sequence embeddings","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-cancer-genome-atlas","display_name":"TCGA","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somatic-mutations","display_name":"somatic mutations","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-nucleotide-variants","display_name":"single nucleotide variants","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indels","display_name":"indels","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-cancer-detection","display_name":"early cancer detection","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.635364294052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6101474761962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6091529726982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.46119996905326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4556347727775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4516614079475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.4154258668422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.375364750623703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16000115871429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms231810396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10396/pdf?version=1662641437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36142316","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of molecular sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9499478","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9499478/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Mol Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7b2e56e82504cf1b99241cb8a4418ce","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7b2e56e82504cf1b99241cb8a4418ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 23, Iss 10396, p 10396 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms231810396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10396/pdf?version=1662641437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1425363173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1532178269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS\u2010 004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2180300699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4286615259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4618696311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1F1A1066371","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6747119138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7051814849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338439","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Research Infrastructures"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8103051865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","funder_display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338439","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Research Infrastructures","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296137077.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296137077.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292488259","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1965691313","https://openalex.org/W1968018827","https://openalex.org/W2023568503","https://openalex.org/W2044420612","https://openalex.org/W2068730032","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2090808827","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117298495","https://openalex.org/W2120615054","https://openalex.org/W2137636725","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2157130620","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2171777347","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2204695746","https://openalex.org/W2329659234","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2565309589","https://openalex.org/W2577490495","https://openalex.org/W2585540825","https://openalex.org/W2600915546","https://openalex.org/W2620664872","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2784499877","https://openalex.org/W2795941120","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2991336842","https://openalex.org/W2999417355","https://openalex.org/W3005188734","https://openalex.org/W3119005666","https://openalex.org/W3153709253","https://openalex.org/W4235845044","https://openalex.org/W6662101812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2991336842","https://openalex.org/W2936617130","https://openalex.org/W3161485317","https://openalex.org/W3208787103","https://openalex.org/W3026546509","https://openalex.org/W4366981644","https://openalex.org/W2911592538","https://openalex.org/W4404954277","https://openalex.org/W7084233602","https://openalex.org/W3179954395"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,242],"number":[1],"of":[2,106,130,148,156,159,176,182,220,227,244,274],"patients":[3],"diagnosed":[4],"with":[5],"cancer":[6,20,32,99,165,188],"continues":[7],"to":[8,232,248,259,266],"increasingly":[9],"rise,":[10],"and":[11,30,97,121,151,194,265,285],"has":[12,22],"nearly":[13],"doubled":[14],"in":[15,64,73,110,116,135,146,163,199],"20":[16],"years.":[17],"Therefore,":[18],"predicting":[19,164,186],"occurrence":[21,166],"a":[23,85,128,223],"significant":[24],"impact":[25],"on":[26],"reducing":[27],"medical":[28],"costs,":[29],"preventing":[31],"early":[33],"can":[34,70],"increase":[35],"survival":[36],"rates.":[37],"In":[38,76,204,277],"the":[39,77,91,103,107,124,139,154,157,174,177,180,183,187,195,206,210,213,218,228,261],"data":[40,46,60,96,170,193,252,258,273],"preprocessing":[41],"step,":[42],"since":[43],"individual":[44,56,94,168,250],"genome":[45,57,251,263,271],"are":[47,53],"used":[48,72],"as":[49,55,222,256],"input":[50,257],"data,":[51,84,141],"they":[52],"classified":[54],"data.":[58],"Subsequently,":[59],"embedding":[61],"is":[62,209],"performed":[63],"character":[65],"units,":[66],"so":[67],"that":[68],"it":[69],"be":[71,233],"deep":[74,78,87,160,196],"learning.":[75],"learning":[79,88,161,197],"network":[80,89],"schema,":[81],"using":[82,123,138,167,189],"preprocessed":[83],"character-based":[86],"learns":[90],"correlation":[92],"between":[93],"feature":[95],"predicts":[98],"occurrence.":[100],"To":[101],"evaluate":[102],"objective":[104],"reliability":[105],"method":[108],"proposed":[109,198],"this":[111,200,245],"study,":[112],"various":[113,132],"networks":[114,133,162],"published":[115,134],"other":[117,136],"studies":[118,137],"were":[119,144,240,247,287],"compared":[120],"evaluated":[122],"TCGA":[125],"dataset.":[126],"As":[127],"result":[129],"comparing":[131],"same":[140],"excellent":[142],"results":[143,175,239],"obtained":[145],"terms":[147],"accuracy,":[149],"sensitivity,":[150],"specificity.":[152],"Thus,":[153],"superiority":[155],"effectiveness":[158],"whole-genome":[169,192],"was":[171,202,230],"demonstrated.":[172],"From":[173],"confusion":[178],"matrix,":[179],"validity":[181],"model":[184],"for":[185,253],"an":[190],"individual's":[191],"study":[201,246],"proven.":[203],"addition,":[205,278],"AUC,":[207],"which":[208,216],"area":[211],"under":[212],"ROC":[214],"curve,":[215],"judges":[217],"efficiency":[219],"diagnosis":[221],"performance":[224],"evaluation":[225],"index":[226],"model,":[229],"found":[231],"90%":[234],"or":[235],"more,":[236],"good":[237],"classification":[238],"derived.":[241],"objectives":[243],"use":[249,269],"12":[254],"cancers":[255],"analyze":[260],"whole":[262],"pattern,":[264],"not":[267],"separately":[268],"reference":[270],"sequence":[272],"normal":[275],"individuals.":[276],"several":[279],"mutation":[280],"types,":[281],"including":[282],"SNV,":[283],"DEL,":[284],"INS,":[286],"applied.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2022-09-17T00:00:00"}