{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295887006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","title":"Use of personal information for artificial intelligence learning data under the Personal Information Protection Act: the case of Lee-Luda, an artificial-intelligence chatbot in South Korea","display_name":"Use of personal information for artificial intelligence learning data under the Personal Information Protection Act: the case of Lee-Luda, an artificial-intelligence chatbot in South Korea","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295887006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205833946","display_name":"Asia Pacific Law Review","issn_l":"1019-2557","issn":["1019-2557","1875-8444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asia Pacific Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086636118","display_name":"Seung Jae Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-0984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-0984"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Jae Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Attorney at Law, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-0984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Attorney at Law, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004945336","display_name":"Myung Seok Go","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9347-5288","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9347-5288"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myung Seok Go","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Internet & Security Agency, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9347-5288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Internet & Security Agency, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017491711","display_name":"Ju Hyun Namgung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-3354","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-3354"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ju Hyun Namgung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sungkyunkwan University Law School, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-3354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sungkyunkwan University Law School, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017491711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3405,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98432687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"55","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-chatbots","display_name":"AI chatbots","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-information-protection-act","display_name":"Personal Information Protection Act","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-data-protection","display_name":"personal data protection","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-training-data","display_name":"AI training data","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy-law","display_name":"data privacy law","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-compliance","display_name":"legal compliance","score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-korea","display_name":"South Korea","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.8139400482177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.6745700836181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.5240716934204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.46064049005508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.444699227809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4309881925582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4293324053287506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42504602670669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3413519859313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.33356472849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3138730525970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2648313641548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26140332221984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22660288214683533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1780858337879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2117483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205833946","display_name":"Asia Pacific Law Review","issn_l":"1019-2557","issn":["1019-2557","1875-8444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asia Pacific Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362641208","https://openalex.org/W4313116952","https://openalex.org/W7122739002","https://openalex.org/W4412505404","https://openalex.org/W4403802083","https://openalex.org/W7126036369","https://openalex.org/W2909421580","https://openalex.org/W7130375200","https://openalex.org/W4403737673","https://openalex.org/W4407314904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42],"data":[1,68,153,193,218],"from":[2],"10":[3],"billion":[4],"sentences,":[5],"originally":[6],"collected":[7],"for":[8,34,65,94,121,126,154,171,190,209,235],"a":[9,83,104,231],"dating":[10],"counselling":[11],"service,":[12],"were":[13],"used":[14],"to":[15,58,196,219],"develop":[16],"and":[17,134,244],"operate":[18],"an":[19,155],"AI":[20,66,156,191,210,236,242],"chatbot,":[21],"Lee-Luda.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,30,36,47,55,60,71,74,80,88,98,112,144,161,172,183,198,222],"chatbot":[25],"company":[26],"was":[27,194],"fined":[28],"by":[29],"South":[31,51,84,122],"Korean":[32,85],"government":[33],"violating":[35],"Personal":[37,199],"Information":[38,200],"Protection":[39,201],"Act":[40],"(PIPA).":[41],"case":[43,49,114,233],"of":[44,62,73,77,101,175,187],"Lee-Luda":[45,81,113,184],"is":[46,82,103,109],"first":[48],"in":[50,129,140,143,238],"Korea":[52,123],"that":[53,111,165,212,227],"raised":[54],"question":[56],"as":[57,151,216],"whether":[59],"use":[61,186,213],"personal":[63,92,149,168,188,214,245],"information":[64,93,150,169,189,215,246],"learning":[67,152,192,217],"falls":[69],"outside":[70],"scope":[72],"original":[75,99,173],"purpose":[76,100,174],"collection.":[78,176],"Although":[79],"case,":[86],"since":[87],"prohibition":[89],"on":[90],"using":[91,148,167],"purposes":[95],"other":[96,130,141,239],"than":[97],"collection":[102],"globally":[105],"accepted":[106],"principle,":[107],"it":[108],"expected":[110],"will":[115,137],"provide":[116],"meaningful":[117],"implications":[118],"not":[119],"only":[120,170],"but":[124],"also":[125],"law":[127],"enforcement":[128],"countries.":[131],"Similar":[132],"ethical":[133],"legal":[135,163],"issues":[136],"likely":[138],"arise":[139],"countries":[142,240],"foreseeable":[145],"future":[146],"because":[147],"program":[157],"may":[158],"conflict":[159],"with":[160,221],"existing":[162],"principle":[164],"requires":[166],"In":[177,203],"this":[178,228],"paper,":[179],"we":[180,205,225],"analyse":[181],"why":[182],"program\u2019s":[185],"ruled":[195],"violate":[197],"Act.":[202],"addition,":[204],"suggest":[206],"alternative":[207],"ways":[208],"services":[211],"comply":[220],"law.":[223],"Therefore,":[224],"believe":[226],"paper":[229],"provides":[230],"useful":[232],"study":[234],"operators":[237],"about":[241],"programs":[243],"protection.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-21T07:43:02.447757","created_date":"2022-09-16T00:00:00"}