{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295540600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","title":"Effect of Nutrient Solution Cooling in Summer and Heating in Winter on the Performance of Baby Leafy Vegetables in Deep-Water Hydroponic Systems","display_name":"Effect of Nutrient Solution Cooling in Summer and Heating in Winter on the Performance of Baby Leafy Vegetables in Deep-Water Hydroponic Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295540600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/horticulturae8080749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/8/749/pdf?version=1661129718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737241975","display_name":"Horticulturae","issn_l":"2311-7524","issn":["2311-7524"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Horticulturae","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/8/749/pdf?version=1661129718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065298595","display_name":"Triston N. Hooks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Triston Hooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Arizona, 1951 E. Roger Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA","Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Arizona, 1951 E. Roger Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111948658","display_name":"Ling Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0733-4543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0733-4543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5001481","display_name":"Collin College","ror":"https://ror.org/05t5ek106","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5001481"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agriculture, Collin College, 391 Country Club Road, Wylie, TX 75098, USA","Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agriculture, Collin College, 391 Country Club Road, Wylie, TX 75098, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5001481"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002927276","display_name":"Yun Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-7800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-7800"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033976434","display_name":"Joseph G. Masabni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-8351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-8351"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Masabni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017234081","display_name":"Genhua Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-1873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-1873"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Genhua Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-1873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017234081"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1675},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1675},"fwci":2.7602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89372402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"749","last_page":"749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.050200000405311584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12113","display_name":"Growth and nutrition in plants","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient-solution-temperature","display_name":"nutrient solution temperature","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-water-culture","display_name":"deep water culture","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroponics","display_name":"hydroponics","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leafy-vegetables","display_name":"leafy vegetables","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lettuce","display_name":"lettuce","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pak-choi","display_name":"Brassica chinensis","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinach","display_name":"spinach","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-tolerance","display_name":"heat tolerance","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-tolerance","display_name":"cold tolerance","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/year-round-production","display_name":"year-round production","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultivar-differences","display_name":"cultivar differences","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoot-fresh-weight","display_name":"shoot fresh weight","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-vegetable-production","display_name":"greenhouse vegetable production","score":0.7570000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578052","display_name":"Lactuca","level":2,"score":0.9015659093856812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552594755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191667","display_name":"Hydroponics","level":2,"score":0.7425814270973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197321923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4886","display_name":"Cultivar","level":2,"score":0.693073034286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.5802063941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017828787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20134","display_name":"Leafy vegetables","level":2,"score":0.5615057349205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993030687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3384","display_name":"Brassica rapa","level":3,"score":0.5523005723953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.548332929611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781451354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508901","display_name":"Leafy","level":2,"score":0.5375850200653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780054949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421117","display_name":"Spinach","level":2,"score":0.5267007946968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148968","display_name":"Spinacia","level":4,"score":0.5247678756713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777943035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146212","display_name":"Brassica oleracea","level":2,"score":0.5232012271881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732240","display_name":"Growing season","level":2,"score":0.45784586668014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.45041602849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777802827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2556382","display_name":"Phytotron","level":2,"score":0.4413367509841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4239952564239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21410773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220869","display_name":"Shoot","level":2,"score":0.4236489534378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3788035213947296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776747608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58677","display_name":"Brassica","level":2,"score":0.2723349630832672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69305403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47263","display_name":"Chloroplast","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/horticulturae8080749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/8/749/pdf?version=1661129718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737241975","display_name":"Horticulturae","issn_l":"2311-7524","issn":["2311-7524"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Horticulturae","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.arizona.edu:10150/666493","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/666493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400271","display_name":"UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","host_organization_name":"University of Arizona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Horticulturae","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6beeee27ca84a4f95ea60b86708e34d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6beeee27ca84a4f95ea60b86708e34d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Horticulturae, Vol 8, Iss 8, p 749 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/horticulturae8080749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/8/8/749/pdf?version=1661129718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737241975","display_name":"Horticulturae","issn_l":"2311-7524","issn":["2311-7524"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Horticulturae","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295540600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295540600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1182682356","https://openalex.org/W1596195587","https://openalex.org/W1691910179","https://openalex.org/W1847300373","https://openalex.org/W2004606751","https://openalex.org/W2035139787","https://openalex.org/W2044568149","https://openalex.org/W2132527497","https://openalex.org/W2152806282","https://openalex.org/W2171880126","https://openalex.org/W2205618567","https://openalex.org/W2467631141","https://openalex.org/W2470344004","https://openalex.org/W2511053189","https://openalex.org/W2583139955","https://openalex.org/W2589293379","https://openalex.org/W2610667186","https://openalex.org/W2790521228","https://openalex.org/W2796206546","https://openalex.org/W2896146848","https://openalex.org/W2911206225","https://openalex.org/W2963204607","https://openalex.org/W3040038266","https://openalex.org/W3094650594","https://openalex.org/W3200639662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W57906649","https://openalex.org/W4409884275","https://openalex.org/W7169151813","https://openalex.org/W4391045299","https://openalex.org/W4400169595","https://openalex.org/W2247774235","https://openalex.org/W2044568149","https://openalex.org/W4414045667","https://openalex.org/W2911206225","https://openalex.org/W4394789207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hydroponics":[0],"has":[1],"become":[2],"a":[3],"popular":[4],"production":[5,14],"technology":[6],"for":[7,135],"leafy":[8,17,61],"greens":[9,18],"in":[10,52,88,91,123,170,199,215,220,227,283],"greenhouses.":[11],"However,":[12],"year-round":[13,310],"of":[15,38,46,59,66,78,243],"cool-season":[16],"remains":[19],"challenging":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,42,262,295,307],"costly":[23],"heating":[24,51,81,143,161,238,287],"and":[25,29,50,74,99,110,113,119,127,142,160,185,203,208,219,286,299],"cooling":[26,49,69,141,154,177,210,285],"during":[27,70,82,233],"winter":[28,84,137,235],"summer":[30,72,125],"seasons,":[31],"depending":[32,274],"on":[33,56,275],"location.":[34],"Therefore,":[35],"the":[36,44,57,71,83,124,129,136,174,181,234,260,272,276,297],"objective":[37],"this":[39],"study":[40],"is":[41,293],"investigate":[43],"effect":[45],"nutrient":[47,67,79,175,268,302],"solution":[48,68,80,176,209,237,269,303],"deep-water":[53,146],"hydroponic":[54],"systems":[55,148],"performance":[58],"several":[60],"green":[62],"vegetables.":[63],"Two":[64],"experiments":[65,77],"season":[73,85],"another":[75],"two":[76,130,152],"were":[86,121,133,149,280],"conducted":[87],"Texas,":[89],"USA":[90],"2020\u20132021.":[92],"Lettuce":[93,202],"(Lactuca":[94],"sativa":[95],"L.)":[96,117],"\u2018Bergams":[97,254],"Green\u2019":[98,255],"\u2018Red":[100,248],"Mist\u2019,":[101],"Pak":[102],"Choi":[103],"(Brassica":[104],"rapa":[105],"subsp.":[106],"chinensis)":[107],"\u2018Purple":[108,228],"Magic\u2019":[109,229],"\u2018White":[111,221],"Stem\u2019,":[112],"spinach":[114,179],"(Spinacia":[115],"oleracea":[116],"\u2018Mandolin\u2019":[118,186],"\u2018Seaside\u2019":[120],"grown":[122,134],"experiments,":[126,288],"only":[128],"lettuce":[131,217,245],"cultivars":[132,218],"experiments.":[138,201],"For":[139],"both":[140,200,216,244,284],"studies,":[144],"six":[145],"culture":[147],"used":[150],"with":[151,167],"treatments:":[153],"(23":[155],"\u00b0C)":[156,163],"vs.":[157,164],"no":[158,165],"cooling,":[159],"(22":[162],"heating,":[166],"three":[168],"replications":[169],"each":[171],"experiment.":[172],"In":[173],"study,":[178],"was":[180,187,250],"most":[182],"heat-sensitive":[183],"species,":[184],"more":[188,251,291],"heat-tolerant":[189],"than":[190,253],"\u2018Seaside,\u2019":[191],"as":[192],"evidenced":[193],"by":[194,266],"its":[195],"lower":[196],"mortality":[197],"rate":[198],"pak":[204,223,230],"choi":[205,224],"grew":[206],"well":[207],"increased":[211,239],"shoot":[212,240],"fresh":[213,241],"weight":[214,242],"Stem\u2019":[222],"but":[225],"not":[226],"choi.":[231],"Conversely,":[232],"season,":[236],"cultivars;":[246],"however,":[247],"Mist\u2019":[249],"responsive":[252],"lettuce.":[256],"These":[257],"results":[258],"indicate":[259],"potential":[261],"increase":[263],"crop":[264],"yield":[265],"controlling":[267],"temperature":[270,304],"throughout":[271],"year,":[273],"season.":[277],"Also,":[278],"there":[279],"genotypic":[281],"differences":[282],"indicating":[289],"that":[290],"research":[292],"needed":[294],"determine":[296],"species-dependent":[298],"even":[300],"cultivar-dependent":[301],"control":[305],"strategies":[306],"achieve":[308],"optimum":[309],"production.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-09-14T00:00:00"}
