{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295027112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","title":"Collective intelligence as a public good","display_name":"Collective intelligence as a public good","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295027112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/26339137221083293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651559","display_name":"Collective Intelligence","issn_l":"2633-9137","issn":["2633-9137"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Collective Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032304399","display_name":"Naomi Ehrich Leonard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-3871","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-3871"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naomi Ehrich Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077712228","display_name":"Simon A. Levin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-5639","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-5639"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon A Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89110095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14299","display_name":"Complex Systems and Dynamics","score":0.6762999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14299","display_name":"Complex Systems and Dynamics","score":0.6762999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.21809999644756317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.05570000037550926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-goods","display_name":"public goods","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sharing","display_name":"information sharing","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordination","display_name":"coordination","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multistability","display_name":"multistability","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"game theory","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-search","display_name":"resource search","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89057211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432197","display_name":"Collective intelligence","level":2,"score":0.7553786039352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5898151397705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.48883312940597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100339178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2548752","display_name":"Collective behavior","level":2,"score":0.46678245067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4460771083831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43424901366233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4316321611404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3370422124862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32831236720085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23380079865455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17947298288345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12545952200889587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/26339137221083293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651559","display_name":"Collective Intelligence","issn_l":"2633-9137","issn":["2633-9137"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Collective Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d986955dc3044d379f6cf94913ccc651","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d986955dc3044d379f6cf94913ccc651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Collective Intelligence, Vol 1 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/26339137221083293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/26339137221083293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651559","display_name":"Collective Intelligence","issn_l":"2633-9137","issn":["2633-9137"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Collective Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1761480223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF1810325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2057323907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014\u201019\u20101\u20102556","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589337778","https://openalex.org/W1460156957","https://openalex.org/W1513198557","https://openalex.org/W1522727408","https://openalex.org/W1528184823","https://openalex.org/W1591423336","https://openalex.org/W1660184077","https://openalex.org/W1788292158","https://openalex.org/W1808956822","https://openalex.org/W1841642927","https://openalex.org/W1895310206","https://openalex.org/W1967509640","https://openalex.org/W1969857637","https://openalex.org/W1973899049","https://openalex.org/W1975318518","https://openalex.org/W1978242753","https://openalex.org/W1980497528","https://openalex.org/W1980661496","https://openalex.org/W1983920923","https://openalex.org/W1988367791","https://openalex.org/W1991940388","https://openalex.org/W1997488333","https://openalex.org/W1998143474","https://openalex.org/W1998498767","https://openalex.org/W1998692453","https://openalex.org/W2005085382","https://openalex.org/W2009551863","https://openalex.org/W2011849203","https://openalex.org/W2012812921","https://openalex.org/W2014632128","https://openalex.org/W2016350172","https://openalex.org/W2016354087","https://openalex.org/W2019377098","https://openalex.org/W2025800439","https://openalex.org/W2027163871","https://openalex.org/W2028316825","https://openalex.org/W2031705640","https://openalex.org/W2034754696","https://openalex.org/W2035670345","https://openalex.org/W2038279323","https://openalex.org/W2051989242","https://openalex.org/W2056142020","https://openalex.org/W2057584663","https://openalex.org/W2060774053","https://openalex.org/W2061641373","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2063792498","https://openalex.org/W2068599978","https://openalex.org/W2070159194","https://openalex.org/W2076467525","https://openalex.org/W2081714882","https://openalex.org/W2083568566","https://openalex.org/W2089475524","https://openalex.org/W2092685486","https://openalex.org/W2094111527","https://openalex.org/W2095285520","https://openalex.org/W2095385728","https://openalex.org/W2095477585","https://openalex.org/W2097569568","https://openalex.org/W2098018049","https://openalex.org/W2098865243","https://openalex.org/W2099413599","https://openalex.org/W2099587450","https://openalex.org/W2103151730","https://openalex.org/W2104192126","https://openalex.org/W2105973197","https://openalex.org/W2106353989","https://openalex.org/W2107396783","https://openalex.org/W2109583010","https://openalex.org/W2112164016","https://openalex.org/W2116338389","https://openalex.org/W2116441086","https://openalex.org/W2123684750","https://openalex.org/W2126788718","https://openalex.org/W2126922170","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2131850879","https://openalex.org/W2132399935","https://openalex.org/W2134243390","https://openalex.org/W2137514195","https://openalex.org/W2138624490","https://openalex.org/W2139504267","https://openalex.org/W2139622428","https://openalex.org/W2146487916","https://openalex.org/W2148097728","https://openalex.org/W2151627108","https://openalex.org/W2152464086","https://openalex.org/W2152556309","https://openalex.org/W2155470302","https://openalex.org/W2160629455","https://openalex.org/W2160643434","https://openalex.org/W2161354444","https://openalex.org/W2161481732","https://openalex.org/W2164280966","https://openalex.org/W2167485994","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2169926276","https://openalex.org/W2216737681","https://openalex.org/W2226396244","https://openalex.org/W2237911142","https://openalex.org/W2245872406","https://openalex.org/W2278371665","https://openalex.org/W2312527845","https://openalex.org/W2342414121","https://openalex.org/W2413102462","https://openalex.org/W2474997279","https://openalex.org/W2581799494","https://openalex.org/W2589559120","https://openalex.org/W2742000570","https://openalex.org/W2760049195","https://openalex.org/W2767257775","https://openalex.org/W2782260628","https://openalex.org/W2810765354","https://openalex.org/W2897905535","https://openalex.org/W2900704122","https://openalex.org/W2914310913","https://openalex.org/W2943200793","https://openalex.org/W2946023630","https://openalex.org/W2952908279","https://openalex.org/W2959431254","https://openalex.org/W2980725519","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2991046523","https://openalex.org/W3009058490","https://openalex.org/W3010798797","https://openalex.org/W3045431839","https://openalex.org/W3082070623","https://openalex.org/W3096656822","https://openalex.org/W3121992965","https://openalex.org/W3122266916","https://openalex.org/W3127685021","https://openalex.org/W3132978126","https://openalex.org/W3138414952","https://openalex.org/W3171836044","https://openalex.org/W3190138800","https://openalex.org/W3197526462","https://openalex.org/W3205809587","https://openalex.org/W3213175553","https://openalex.org/W3214437493","https://openalex.org/W3216580989","https://openalex.org/W4200274675","https://openalex.org/W4200516146","https://openalex.org/W4211019631","https://openalex.org/W4232359848","https://openalex.org/W4233654598","https://openalex.org/W4234078673","https://openalex.org/W4237542790","https://openalex.org/W4247157417","https://openalex.org/W4250705329","https://openalex.org/W4300578501","https://openalex.org/W4367280789","https://openalex.org/W4388322344","https://openalex.org/W4391753820","https://openalex.org/W6902464459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099377792","https://openalex.org/W1589674068","https://openalex.org/W7204826382","https://openalex.org/W2611112066","https://openalex.org/W2998519176","https://openalex.org/W1802753016","https://openalex.org/W7160271515","https://openalex.org/W3162309452","https://openalex.org/W258565593","https://openalex.org/W4386263604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"discuss":[1],"measures":[2,61],"of":[3,17,26,41,109,114,123,131],"collective":[4,13,124,136,148],"intelligence":[5,14,125,149],"in":[6,15,38,71,90,150],"evolved":[7,151],"and":[8,28,75,112,146,152],"designed":[9,153],"self-organizing":[10],"ensembles,":[11],"defining":[12],"terms":[16],"the":[18,24,39,78,82,91,107,110,115,121],"benefits":[19,46],"to":[20,55,67,84,86,98,144],"be":[21,48,128],"gained":[22],"through":[23,34],"exchange":[25],"information":[27],"other":[29],"resources,":[30],"as":[31,33,70,81],"well":[32],"coordination":[35],"or":[36,73],"cooperation,":[37],"interests":[40,108],"a":[42,52,104,142],"public":[43],"good.":[44],"These":[45],"can":[47,127],"numerous,":[49],"from":[50],"estimating":[51],"hard-to-observe":[53],"cue":[54],"efficiently":[56],"searching":[57],"for":[58,65,77],"resource.":[59],"The":[60],"should":[62],"also":[63],"account":[64],"costs":[66],"individuals,":[68],"such":[69,80],"attention":[72],"energy,":[74],"trade-offs":[76],"ensemble,":[79],"flexibility":[83],"respond":[85],"an":[87],"important":[88],"change":[89],"environment":[92],"versus":[93],"stability":[94],"that":[95,126,134],"is":[96,103],"robust":[97],"unimportant":[99],"variability.":[100],"When":[101],"there":[102],"tension":[105],"between":[106],"individual":[111,132],"those":[113],"group,":[116],"game-theoretic":[117],"considerations":[118],"may":[119],"affect":[120],"level":[122],"achieved.":[129],"Models":[130],"rules":[133],"yield":[135],"dynamics":[137],"with":[138],"multi-stable":[139],"solutions":[140],"provide":[141],"means":[143],"examine":[145],"shape":[147],"systems.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-09-09T00:00:00"}
