{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294862229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","title":"Experimental Study on Wind Loading Characteristics of Trains under Stationary Tornado-like Vortices","display_name":"Experimental Study on Wind Loading Characteristics of Trains under Stationary Tornado-like Vortices","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294862229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings12091377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/9/1377/pdf?version=1662279405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4294862229"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/9/1377/pdf?version=1662279405","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601585","display_name":"Peng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5700-9067","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5700-9067"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374394","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-0222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-0222","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9210-202X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing\u2019s Key Laboratory of Structural Wind Engineering and Urban Wind Environment, Beijing 100044, China","School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing\u2019s Key Laboratory of Structural Wind Engineering and Urban Wind Environment, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055068824","display_name":"Xiaoyu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0855-0563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0855-0563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100547695","display_name":"Yuji Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-963X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-963X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuji Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing\u2019s Key Laboratory of Structural Wind Engineering and Urban Wind Environment, Beijing 100044, China","School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing\u2019s Key Laboratory of Structural Wind Engineering and Urban Wind Environment, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101582678","display_name":"Ruoqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7967-0149","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7967-0149"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100374394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1885},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1377","last_page":"1377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12081","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12081","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11254","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tornado-like-vortices","display_name":"tornado-like vortices","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-pressure-distribution","display_name":"wind pressure distribution","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-force-coefficient","display_name":"side force coefficient","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lift-coefficient","display_name":"lift coefficient","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swirl-ratio","display_name":"swirl ratio","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-surface-roughness","display_name":"ground roughness","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-structure-interaction","display_name":"flow-structure interaction","score":0.8140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190930322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8081","display_name":"Tornado","level":2,"score":0.939883291721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140820882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732722","display_name":"Vortex","level":2,"score":0.5840339660644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5610372424125671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.5252118706703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95082708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931037","display_name":"Crosswind","level":2,"score":0.5252049565315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5128176808357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111603439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193","display_name":"Boundary layer","level":2,"score":0.4814743101596832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154718420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269096","display_name":"Wind profile power law","level":3,"score":0.45019981265068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.41406726837158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3930068612098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3841068744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1911306381225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.18647411465644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08420372009277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07765084505081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings12091377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/9/1377/pdf?version=1662279405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba189e1b02444628898c563ec668782d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba189e1b02444628898c563ec668782d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 1377 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings12091377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/9/1377/pdf?version=1662279405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1265954508","display_name":"\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u4f53\u8d85\u9ad8\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u6c14\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u5236\u53ca\u6c14\u5f39\u6027\u80fd\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"51878041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2439238222","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B13002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6940691679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B13002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294862229.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294862229.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W269812159","https://openalex.org/W998951947","https://openalex.org/W1976125144","https://openalex.org/W1988058064","https://openalex.org/W1995471650","https://openalex.org/W1999522404","https://openalex.org/W2012653212","https://openalex.org/W2025190353","https://openalex.org/W2037862812","https://openalex.org/W2056353905","https://openalex.org/W2076774612","https://openalex.org/W2076998967","https://openalex.org/W2136906900","https://openalex.org/W2159520349","https://openalex.org/W2327245402","https://openalex.org/W2521270187","https://openalex.org/W2523124939","https://openalex.org/W2532043761","https://openalex.org/W2550976188","https://openalex.org/W2594525965","https://openalex.org/W2775168339","https://openalex.org/W2794835603","https://openalex.org/W2795409521","https://openalex.org/W2926718527","https://openalex.org/W3027650456","https://openalex.org/W3093154356","https://openalex.org/W3124667043","https://openalex.org/W3134677054","https://openalex.org/W4249262566","https://openalex.org/W6987457856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210839903","https://openalex.org/W2550976188","https://openalex.org/W4391136064","https://openalex.org/W4243861788","https://openalex.org/W4392514990","https://openalex.org/W4401717064","https://openalex.org/W7162082171","https://openalex.org/W2039504939","https://openalex.org/W4409301180","https://openalex.org/W4285539119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,149,215,251,281,321,345],"risk":[1],"of":[2,18,24,33,71,97,111,166,188,218,227,238,296,325,330],"trains":[3],"being":[4],"hit":[5,46],"by":[6,38,47,162],"tornadoes":[7],"in":[8,91,267],"China":[9],"continues":[10],"to":[11,14,62,93,205,247],"increase":[12],"due":[13],"the":[15,22,25,30,64,95,98,101,105,108,116,120,156,163,167,172,176,181,186,192,199,202,206,233,239,243,248,262,268,272,278,288,299,304,312,318,326,331,343],"increasing":[16,31,352],"density":[17],"railway":[19],"lines":[20],"and":[21,29,55,104,115,124,138,152,171,185,235,271,337,355],"shortening":[23],"train":[26,44,79,102,193,203,240,263,289,313],"departure":[27],"intervals":[28],"probability":[32],"extreme":[34],"weather":[35],"phenomena":[36],"caused":[37],"global":[39],"climate":[40],"change.":[41],"If":[42],"a":[43,48,78,88,112,294],"is":[45,60,195,222,265,291],"tornado,":[49],"it":[50,59,356],"will":[51],"cause":[52],"huge":[53],"casualties":[54],"economic":[56],"losses,":[57],"so":[58],"necessary":[61],"investigate":[63],"tornado-induced":[65,135],"effects":[66,96,165],"on":[67,77,119,128,155,191,232],"trains.":[68,129],"A":[69],"series":[70],"rigid-model":[72],"wind":[73,83,121,125,136,140,146,150,153,327],"pressure":[74,122,151,173,220,229],"measurement":[75],"tests":[76],"car":[80,103,157,194,204,264,290,314,332],"under":[81,333],"tornado":[82,177],"loading":[84,137,141],"were":[85,132,259,309],"conducted":[86],"using":[87],"tornado-vortex":[89],"simulator,":[90],"order":[92],"determine":[94],"distance":[99,200,295],"between":[100,134],"tornado\u2019s":[106,207,249,269,279,300,319],"center,":[107],"swirl":[109,335,353],"ratio":[110],"tornado-like":[113,189],"vortex,":[114],"ground":[117,338,359],"roughness":[118,339,360],"distributions":[123],"load":[126,154],"characteristics":[127],"Apparent":[130],"discrepancies":[131],"observed":[133],"lateral":[139],"obtained":[142],"from":[143,201],"conventional":[144],"boundary-layer":[145],"tunnel":[147],"tests.":[148],"surface":[158,245],"are":[159,341],"mainly":[160,231],"affected":[161],"combined":[164],"aerodynamic":[168,347],"flow-structure":[169],"interaction":[170],"drop":[174],"accompanying":[175],"within":[178],"1.5":[179,297],"times":[180,211,298],"vortex":[182,212],"core\u2019s":[183,213],"radius,":[184,302],"impact":[187],"vortices":[190],"almost":[196],"negligible":[197],"as":[198,358],"center":[208],"exceeds":[209],"three":[210],"radius.":[214],"variation":[216],"trend":[217],"mean/fluctuating":[219],"coefficients":[221,258,276,285,308,329],"generally":[223],"consistent.":[224],"Large":[225],"values":[226],"fluctuating":[228],"exist":[230],"top":[234],"side":[236,244,256,283],"surfaces":[237],"car,":[241],"especially":[242],"proximal":[246],"center.":[250,280,320],"most":[252],"unfavorable":[253],"mean":[254],"sectional":[255],"force":[257,275,284,307,328,348],"found":[260,310],"when":[261,287,311],"located":[266,292,316],"core":[270,301],"largest":[273,305],"lift":[274,306],"at":[277,293,317],"overall":[282,322],"peaked":[286],"whereas":[303],"was":[315],"distribution":[323],"patterns":[324],"different":[334],"ratios":[336],"levels":[340],"basically":[342],"same.":[344],"peak":[346],"value":[349],"increases":[350],"with":[351],"ratio,":[354],"decreases":[357],"increases.":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2022-09-07T00:00:00"}