{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294833332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","title":"From Banal Surveillance to Function Creep: Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) in Denmark","display_name":"From Banal Surveillance to Function Creep: Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) in Denmark","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294833332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","pdf_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/download/15000/10279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764351738","display_name":"Surveillance & Society","issn_l":"1477-7487","issn":["1477-7487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312949","host_organization_name":"Surveillance Studies Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312949"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Surveillance Studies Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Surveillance &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/download/15000/10279","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088644755","display_name":"Gabriel Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-4189","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-4189"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Economics and Political Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics and Political Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041930713","display_name":"Christoph Raetzsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-2313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-2313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Raetzsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1841,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92515185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"265","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8560000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8560000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.019600000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-license-plate-recognition","display_name":"automated license plate recognition","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function-creep","display_name":"function creep","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-surveillance","display_name":"algorithmic surveillance","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-governance","display_name":"algorithmic governance","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-enforcement","display_name":"parking enforcement","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-surveillance","display_name":"police surveillance","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-oversight","display_name":"public oversight","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denmark","display_name":"Denmark","score":0.3050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.6847790479660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.493012398481369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4761064946651459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.4551744759082794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43527573347091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3648867607116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36038464307785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3369559049606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3250378966331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2755049765110016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.27138465642929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1675509512424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","pdf_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/download/15000/10279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764351738","display_name":"Surveillance & Society","issn_l":"1477-7487","issn":["1477-7487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312949","host_organization_name":"Surveillance Studies Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312949"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Surveillance Studies Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Surveillance &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:116696","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/116696/1/document_1_.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/116696/1/document_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:116696","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400050","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6750ecc5bed541d89f1d91c0481f675a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6750ecc5bed541d89f1d91c0481f675a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Surveillance & Society, Vol 20, Iss 3 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/83375","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/83375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401996","display_name":"Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","host_organization_name":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Surveillance &amp; Society","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/626f0d62-7fc6-42a2-ae16-f78b3cff8076","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85137328007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400063","display_name":"Scopus (Elsevier)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pereira, G & Raetzsch, C 2022, 'From Banal Surveillance to Function Creep : Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) in Denmark', Surveillance and Society, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 265-280. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v20i3.15000","pdf_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/download/15000/10279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764351738","display_name":"Surveillance & Society","issn_l":"1477-7487","issn":["1477-7487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312949","host_organization_name":"Surveillance Studies Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312949"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Surveillance Studies Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Surveillance &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5142999887466431,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294833332.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294833332.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89840813","https://openalex.org/W1779680771","https://openalex.org/W1964450454","https://openalex.org/W1969873794","https://openalex.org/W2014831132","https://openalex.org/W2131423299","https://openalex.org/W2163327155","https://openalex.org/W2169982135","https://openalex.org/W2272449688","https://openalex.org/W2272619614","https://openalex.org/W2326994378","https://openalex.org/W2358802965","https://openalex.org/W2517842678","https://openalex.org/W2531784529","https://openalex.org/W2608106966","https://openalex.org/W2751772126","https://openalex.org/W2767269108","https://openalex.org/W2802652064","https://openalex.org/W2884953306","https://openalex.org/W2904032123","https://openalex.org/W2913334034","https://openalex.org/W2913346170","https://openalex.org/W2926374231","https://openalex.org/W2943165950","https://openalex.org/W2959702042","https://openalex.org/W2977380590","https://openalex.org/W2981402113","https://openalex.org/W2999804519","https://openalex.org/W3009562948","https://openalex.org/W3014781596","https://openalex.org/W3039376106","https://openalex.org/W3049614744","https://openalex.org/W3094514495","https://openalex.org/W3122779198","https://openalex.org/W3123080726","https://openalex.org/W3159184664","https://openalex.org/W3168231648","https://openalex.org/W3174993855","https://openalex.org/W4239851538","https://openalex.org/W4244083214","https://openalex.org/W4296209912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204631274","https://openalex.org/W561499452","https://openalex.org/W7203696540","https://openalex.org/W635190697","https://openalex.org/W7202289014","https://openalex.org/W1951470420","https://openalex.org/W4389651359","https://openalex.org/W4411010450","https://openalex.org/W7204729672","https://openalex.org/W7015077080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"discusses":[2],"how":[3,75,89,95,112,130,175],"Automated":[4],"License":[5],"Plate":[6],"Recognition":[7],"(ALPR)":[8],"has":[9,134],"been":[10],"implemented":[11],"in":[12,56,181,190],"Denmark":[13],"across":[14],"three":[15],"different":[16,182],"sectors:":[17],"parking,":[18],"environmental":[19,113],"zoning,":[20],"and":[21,33,41,51,66,109,126,128,144,187,199,244,253,262],"policing.":[22],"ALPR":[23,76,90,150,240],"systems":[24,77,91,159],"are":[25,78,92,204],"deployed":[26],"as":[27,241],"a":[28,70,100,152,227,242],"configuration":[29],"of":[30,35,45,63,154,165,202,210,223,229,232,239,247,259],"cameras,":[31],"servers,":[32],"algorithms":[34],"computer":[36,263],"vision":[37,264],"that":[38,149,197],"automatically":[39],"reads":[40],"records":[42],"license":[43],"plates":[44],"passing":[46],"cars.":[47],"Through":[48],"digital":[49],"ethnography":[50],"interviews":[52],"with":[53,69,140],"key":[54],"stakeholders":[55],"Denmark,":[57],"we":[58,195],"contribute":[59],"to":[60,81,88,226,251],"the":[61,96,131,163,169,176,191,208,212,220,257],"fields":[62],"critical":[64],"algorithm":[65],"surveillance":[67,185],"studies":[68],"concrete":[71],"empirical":[72],"study":[73],"on":[74],"configured":[79],"according":[80],"user-specific":[82],"demands.":[83],"Each":[84],"case":[85],"gives":[86],"nuance":[87],"implemented:":[93],"(1)":[94],"seamless":[97],"charging":[98],"for":[99,107,178,206,214],"\u201cbarrier-free\u201d":[101],"parking":[102],"experience":[103],"poses":[104],"particular":[105],"challenges":[106],"customers":[108],"companies;":[110],"(2)":[111],"zoning":[114],"enforcement":[115],"through":[116,123],"automated":[117],"fines":[118],"avoids":[119],"dragnet":[120,137],"data":[121,138],"collection":[122,139],"customized":[124],"design":[125],"regulation;":[127],"(3)":[129],"Danish":[132],"Police":[133],"widened":[135],"its":[136],"little":[141],"public":[142,166,230,254],"oversight":[143],"questionable":[145],"efficacy.":[146],"We":[147,235],"argue":[148],"enacts":[151],"form":[153],"\u201cbanal":[155],"surveillance\u201d":[156],"because":[157],"such":[158],"operate":[160],"inconspicuously":[161],"under":[162],"radar":[164],"attention.":[167],"As":[168],"central":[170],"analytic":[171],"perspective,":[172],"banality":[173],"highlights":[174],"demand":[177],"increasing":[179],"efficiency":[180],"domains":[183],"makes":[184],"socially":[186],"politically":[188],"acceptable":[189],"long":[192],"run.":[193],"Although":[194],"find":[196],"legal":[198],"civic":[200],"modes":[201],"regulation":[203],"important":[205],"shaping":[207],"deployment":[209],"ALPR,":[211],"potential":[213],"function":[215],"creep":[216],"is":[217],"embedded":[218],"into":[219,265],"very":[221],"process":[222],"infrastructuring":[224],"due":[225],"lack":[228],"understanding":[231],"these":[233],"technologies.":[234],"discuss":[236],"wider":[237],"consequences":[238],"specific":[243],"overlooked":[245],"instance":[246],"algorithmic":[248,260],"surveillance,":[249],"contributing":[250],"academic":[252],"debates":[255],"around":[256],"embedding":[258],"governance":[261],"everyday":[266],"life.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2022-09-07T00:00:00"}
