{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294193227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","title":"Efficient recycling of disposable face masks via co-carbonization with waste biomass: A pathway to a cleaner environment","display_name":"Efficient recycling of disposable face masks via co-carbonization with waste biomass: A pathway to a cleaner environment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294193227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789422000253/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214064","display_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","issn_l":"2666-7894","issn":["2666-7894"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789422000253/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015725361","display_name":"Ebuka Chizitere Emenike","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-3265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-3265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ebuka Chizitere Emenike","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-3265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061348364","display_name":"Kingsley O. Iwuozor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-2147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-2147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kingsley O. Iwuozor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023374091","display_name":"Stephen A. Agbana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134542131","display_name":"University of Ilorin","ror":"https://ror.org/032kdwk38","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134542131"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen A. Agbana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134542131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058543130","display_name":"Kevin Shegun Otoikhian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-8584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-8584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149225","display_name":"Edo State University Uzairue","ror":"https://ror.org/049ajby27","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149225"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Shegun Otoikhian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Edo State University, Uzairue, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Edo State University, Uzairue, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039101252","display_name":"Adewale George Adeniyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-5361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-5361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134542131","display_name":"University of Ilorin","ror":"https://ror.org/032kdwk38","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134542131"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adewale George Adeniyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134542131"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015725361","https://openalex.org/A5039101252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134542131","https://openalex.org/I207227095"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"fwci":6.3703,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98601071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"100094","last_page":"100094"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12920","display_name":"Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disposable-face-masks","display_name":"disposable face masks","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-waste","display_name":"COVID-19 waste","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-carbonization","display_name":"co-carbonization","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-waste","display_name":"biomass waste","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biofuels","display_name":"biofuels","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adsorbents","display_name":"adsorbents","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-fertility","display_name":"soil fertility","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-recycling","display_name":"waste recycling","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.9812229871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154877778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630655","display_name":"Carbonization","level":3,"score":0.8211809396743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6665332317352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.5412447452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.4931928515434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4788534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.4389052093029022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.4375094771385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.42410123348236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526406351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177463","display_name":"Charcoal","level":2,"score":0.41740715503692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.41511327028274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2659720778465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.20442858338356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.10517576336860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.09536927938461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.08965584635734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.07685548067092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06374803185462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789422000253/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214064","display_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","issn_l":"2666-7894","issn":["2666-7894"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d28ce8a237b4337a09746548011b15c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d28ce8a237b4337a09746548011b15c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems, Vol 6, Iss , Pp 100094- (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100094","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789422000253/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214064","display_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","issn_l":"2666-7894","issn":["2666-7894"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294193227.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294193227.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521755024","https://openalex.org/W1992909311","https://openalex.org/W2060593086","https://openalex.org/W2091334925","https://openalex.org/W2091489700","https://openalex.org/W2265969402","https://openalex.org/W2586504761","https://openalex.org/W2737217596","https://openalex.org/W2764024358","https://openalex.org/W2765764056","https://openalex.org/W2774767263","https://openalex.org/W2793895765","https://openalex.org/W2908751508","https://openalex.org/W2945278974","https://openalex.org/W2947116544","https://openalex.org/W2966365048","https://openalex.org/W3001556390","https://openalex.org/W3005057892","https://openalex.org/W3015216681","https://openalex.org/W3025687426","https://openalex.org/W3025960121","https://openalex.org/W3038303432","https://openalex.org/W3044239332","https://openalex.org/W3048687687","https://openalex.org/W3080372574","https://openalex.org/W3083896108","https://openalex.org/W3100612377","https://openalex.org/W3119003908","https://openalex.org/W3127970557","https://openalex.org/W3129611687","https://openalex.org/W3139009068","https://openalex.org/W3155395840","https://openalex.org/W3162039065","https://openalex.org/W3162982905","https://openalex.org/W3163070545","https://openalex.org/W3175185471","https://openalex.org/W3200365527","https://openalex.org/W3204949296","https://openalex.org/W3207800935","https://openalex.org/W3213859919","https://openalex.org/W3214097166","https://openalex.org/W3217444193","https://openalex.org/W4220686773","https://openalex.org/W4220894859","https://openalex.org/W4223534222","https://openalex.org/W4224271813","https://openalex.org/W4225906581","https://openalex.org/W4226127638","https://openalex.org/W4236179858","https://openalex.org/W4281711278","https://openalex.org/W4288902378","https://openalex.org/W4289755498","https://openalex.org/W6782133473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362575867","https://openalex.org/W4401386178","https://openalex.org/W4388723971","https://openalex.org/W3048687687","https://openalex.org/W4390814465","https://openalex.org/W3169078608","https://openalex.org/W4401809339","https://openalex.org/W4380372395","https://openalex.org/W7126105990","https://openalex.org/W4200175434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Used":[0],"COVID-19":[1],"masks":[2,34],"produce":[3],"a":[4,27,67,74,81,88,95,102,105,116,132],"large":[5],"amount":[6],"of":[7,20,56,76,98,119,136,156,180],"garbage":[8],"that":[9,30],"frequently":[10,18],"overwhelms":[11],"waste":[12,61],"management":[13],"facilities,":[14],"hence":[15],"they":[16],"are":[17],"disposed":[19],"improperly.":[21],"It":[22],"is":[23,139],"imperative":[24],"to":[25,35,40,123,188],"develop":[26],"processing":[28],"technique":[29],"harnesses":[31],"disposable":[32,57,174],"face":[33,58,175],"create":[36],"biofuel":[37],"in":[38,165],"order":[39],"address":[41],"the":[42,78,113,124,127,154,166,173,178,182],"environmental":[43],"problems":[44],"caused":[45,171],"by":[46,172],"their":[47],"disposal.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"biochar":[52,86,103,183],"production":[53],"through":[54],"co-carbonization":[55],"mask":[59],"and":[60,142,146,162,187],"biomass":[62,114],"(Daniella":[63],"oliveri":[64],"leaves)":[65],"using":[66,111,181],"fixed-bed":[68],"updraft":[69],"reactor":[70],"was":[71,92,109,170],"investigated":[72],"as":[73,184],"means":[75],"recycling":[77],"wastes":[79],"for":[80],"sustainable":[82],"environment.":[83],"A":[84],"hybrid":[85,128],"with":[87,104],"40.20":[89],"wt%":[90,107],"yield":[91,108],"produced":[93,110],"at":[94,115],"peak":[96],"temperature":[97,118],"350":[99],"\u00b0C,":[100],"while":[101],"32.87":[106],"only":[112],"high":[117],"279":[120],"\u00b0C.":[121],"According":[122],"sample":[125],"analysis,":[126],"biochar,":[129,168],"which":[130,169],"has":[131,143],"specific":[133],"surface":[134],"area":[135],"397.8":[137],"m2/g,":[138],"very":[140],"porous":[141],"numerous":[144,157],"cracks":[145],"fissures.":[147],"The":[148],"Fourier":[149],"transform":[150],"infrared":[151],"analysis":[152],"showed":[153],"presence":[155],"functional":[158],"groups,":[159,164],"mainly":[160],"hydroxyl":[161],"carbonyl":[163],"co-carbonized":[167],"mask,":[176],"indicating":[177],"possibility":[179],"an":[185],"adsorbent":[186],"increase":[189],"soil":[190],"fertility.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-09-02T00:00:00"}