{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293250809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","title":"A Survey on 5G and LPWAN-IoT for Improved Smart Cities and Remote Area Applications: From the Aspect of Architecture and Security","display_name":"A Survey on 5G and LPWAN-IoT for Improved Smart Cities and Remote Area Applications: From the Aspect of Architecture and Security","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293250809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36016078","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9412619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313/pdf?version=1661172912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313/pdf?version=1661172912","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063339151","display_name":"Emmanuel U. Ogbodo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-421X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-421X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Utochukwu Ogbodo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-421X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045534879","display_name":"Adnan Mohammed I Abu-Mahfouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa","Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003285616","display_name":"Anish Matthew Kurien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-3665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-3665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anish M. Kurien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-3665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045534879","https://openalex.org/A5063339151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099","https://openalex.org/I21360634"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"fwci":1.4772,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82126697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"16","first_page":"6313","last_page":"6313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.09839999675750732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/5g","display_name":"5G","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-power-wide-area-networks","display_name":"low-power wide-area networks","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-cities","display_name":"smart cities","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-area-connectivity","display_name":"remote area connectivity","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-connectivity","display_name":"rural connectivity","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-slicing","display_name":"network slicing","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"software-defined networking","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-function-virtualization","display_name":"network function virtualization","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"quality of service","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"quality of experience","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tv-white-space","display_name":"TV white space","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-security","display_name":"endogenous security","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iot-security","display_name":"Internet of Things security","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit-satellites","display_name":"low Earth orbit satellites","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ubiquitous-connectivity","display_name":"ubiquitous connectivity","score":0.8230000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.9783041477203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6941789388656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5142447352409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47061851620674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.424124538898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776238582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11384","display_name":"Wide area network","level":2,"score":0.39936092495918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3400341272354126}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313/pdf?version=1661172912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36016078","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36016078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9412619","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9412619/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a22661d0d73b4a009a859aecff6cc573","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a22661d0d73b4a009a859aecff6cc573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 16, p 6313 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22166313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313/pdf?version=1661172912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.5142999887466431,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324695","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293250809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293250809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193356274","https://openalex.org/W317436636","https://openalex.org/W331141525","https://openalex.org/W1597910878","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2059145255","https://openalex.org/W2106833918","https://openalex.org/W2119046642","https://openalex.org/W2132305759","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2150081756","https://openalex.org/W2273675851","https://openalex.org/W2281680531","https://openalex.org/W2399720806","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2502199022","https://openalex.org/W2527860497","https://openalex.org/W2581042172","https://openalex.org/W2597831797","https://openalex.org/W2738654320","https://openalex.org/W2765965435","https://openalex.org/W2768321640","https://openalex.org/W2770964761","https://openalex.org/W2771152181","https://openalex.org/W2781583119","https://openalex.org/W2790284307","https://openalex.org/W2793907422","https://openalex.org/W2797972299","https://openalex.org/W2835442853","https://openalex.org/W2859978004","https://openalex.org/W2887019724","https://openalex.org/W2888892063","https://openalex.org/W2900985057","https://openalex.org/W2902319104","https://openalex.org/W2902663063","https://openalex.org/W2905045035","https://openalex.org/W2909001688","https://openalex.org/W2911373350","https://openalex.org/W2914623335","https://openalex.org/W2923934659","https://openalex.org/W2943626513","https://openalex.org/W2949611715","https://openalex.org/W2963926152","https://openalex.org/W2966581125","https://openalex.org/W2968746919","https://openalex.org/W2978754470","https://openalex.org/W2981587265","https://openalex.org/W2985336933","https://openalex.org/W2997163275","https://openalex.org/W2997497324","https://openalex.org/W2998483853","https://openalex.org/W3004145991","https://openalex.org/W3005243404","https://openalex.org/W3010561455","https://openalex.org/W3015246755","https://openalex.org/W3033113800","https://openalex.org/W3091961560","https://openalex.org/W3093791220","https://openalex.org/W3094098766","https://openalex.org/W3106364847","https://openalex.org/W3108832277","https://openalex.org/W3115691279","https://openalex.org/W3154603256","https://openalex.org/W3194321285","https://openalex.org/W4200309310","https://openalex.org/W4210312381","https://openalex.org/W4230653786","https://openalex.org/W4238288798","https://openalex.org/W6610988395","https://openalex.org/W6748560210","https://openalex.org/W6752939868","https://openalex.org/W6756467725","https://openalex.org/W6773434729","https://openalex.org/W6930148691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3108832277","https://openalex.org/W7132273277","https://openalex.org/W4226270396","https://openalex.org/W7151224840","https://openalex.org/W3005243404","https://openalex.org/W2990515867","https://openalex.org/W2997497324","https://openalex.org/W3044220699","https://openalex.org/W4313411120","https://openalex.org/W4385060252"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Addressing":[0],"the":[1,5,19,25,130,152,163,171,218],"recent":[2],"trend":[3],"of":[4,21,27,118,133,142,154,220],"massive":[6],"demand":[7],"for":[8,13,173,208,229],"resources":[9],"and":[10,30,43,84,98,110,114,140,178,194,205,212],"ubiquitous":[11,230],"use":[12,219],"all":[14],"citizens":[15],"has":[16],"led":[17],"to":[18,39,71,76,136,161],"conceptualization":[20],"technologies":[22,160,204],"such":[23,47],"as":[24,48,105,107],"Internet":[26],"Things":[28],"(IoT)":[29],"smart":[31,210],"cities.":[32],"Ubiquitous":[33],"IoT":[34,73,215,231],"connectivity":[35,70,175,232],"can":[36],"be":[37],"achieved":[38],"serve":[40],"both":[41],"urban":[42],"underserved":[44],"remote":[45,213],"areas":[46,214],"rural":[49],"communities":[50],"by":[51],"deploying":[52],"5G":[53,113,155,177,192],"mobile":[54],"networks":[55,120],"with":[56,157,202,223],"Low":[57],"Power":[58],"Wide":[59],"Area":[60],"Network":[61],"(LPWAN).":[62],"The":[63,116],"current":[64],"architectures":[65,92],"will":[66,198],"not":[67],"offer":[68],"flexible":[69],"many":[72],"applications":[74],"due":[75],"high":[77],"service":[78,134],"demand,":[79],"data":[80],"exchange,":[81],"emerging":[82,203],"technologies,":[83],"security":[85,103,109,207],"challenges.":[86],"Hence,":[87],"this":[88,236],"paper":[89],"explores":[90],"various":[91],"that":[93,150,197],"consider":[94],"a":[95,148,190],"hybrid":[96],"5G-LPWAN-IoT":[97],"Smart":[99],"Cities.":[100],"This":[101],"includes":[102],"challenges":[104],"well":[106],"endogenous":[108,206],"solutions":[111],"in":[112,235],"LPWAN-IoT.":[115],"slicing":[117],"virtual":[119],"using":[121],"software-defined":[122],"network":[123,193],"(SDN)/network":[124],"function":[125],"virtualization":[126],"(NFV)":[127],"based":[128],"on":[129,170],"different":[131,138],"quality":[132,141],"(QoS)":[135],"satisfy":[137],"services":[139],"experience":[143],"(QoE)":[144],"is":[145,167,233],"presented.":[146,181],"Also,":[147],"strategy":[149],"considers":[151],"implementation":[153],"jointly":[156,222],"Weightless-N":[158],"(TVWS)":[159],"reduce":[162],"cell":[164],"edge":[165],"interference":[166],"considered.":[168],"Discussions":[169],"need":[172],"ubiquity":[174],"leveraging":[176],"LPWAN-IoT":[179,195],"are":[180,187],"In":[182],"addition,":[183],"future":[184],"research":[185],"directions":[186],"presented,":[188],"including":[189],"unified":[191],"architecture":[196],"holistically":[199],"support":[200],"integration":[201],"improved/secured":[209],"cities":[211],"applications.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"LPWAN":[221],"low":[224],"earth":[225],"orbit":[226],"(LEO)":[227],"satellites":[228],"advocated":[234],"paper.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-08-27T00:00:00"}
