{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293138840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2208.11663","title":"PEER: A Collaborative Language Model","display_name":"PEER: A Collaborative Language Model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293138840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2208.11663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2208.11663","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.11663","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11663","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076269589","display_name":"Timo Schick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schick, Timo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022730878","display_name":"Jane Dwivedi-Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dwivedi-Yu, Jane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043295774","display_name":"Zhengbao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-6727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-6727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Zhengbao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093091829","display_name":"Fabio Petroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5996-9830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5996-9830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petroni, Fabio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063377058","display_name":"Patrick Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2192-9543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2192-9543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lewis, Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007815326","display_name":"Gautier Izacard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Izacard, Gautier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007434014","display_name":"Qingfei You","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You, Qingfei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053932504","display_name":"Christoforos Nalmpantis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-5862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-5862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nalmpantis, Christoforos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069316249","display_name":"\u00c9douard Grave","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grave, Edouard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101404695","display_name":"Sebastian Riedel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3655-2486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3655-2486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riedel, Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research , \u2665 Carnegie Mellon University , \u2663 Inria & ENS , PSL University , \u2660 University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8687000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8687000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.10289999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-writing","display_name":"collaborative writing","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-editing","display_name":"text editing","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-training","display_name":"self-training","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explanation-generation","display_name":"explanation generation","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-following","display_name":"instruction following","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peers","display_name":"peers","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8315883874893188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.723518967628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778695844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762292","display_name":"Collaborative writing","level":2,"score":0.6664406061172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6051299571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.4932791590690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781341000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1468902","display_name":"Writing process","level":2,"score":0.43364182114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3974587023258209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33789724111557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.17049843072891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1443837285041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12443801760673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2208.11663","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.11663","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2208.11663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2208.11663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2208.11663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2208.11663","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.11663","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154572133","https://openalex.org/W4386566669","https://openalex.org/W7221558227","https://openalex.org/W4287855167","https://openalex.org/W4389523924","https://openalex.org/W3006579480","https://openalex.org/W7213924853","https://openalex.org/W4389518949","https://openalex.org/W6912006516","https://openalex.org/W4415189319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Textual":[0],"content":[1],"is":[2,81],"often":[3],"the":[4,36,85,117,121,128],"output":[5],"of":[6,25,62,109,116,123,133],"a":[7,40,76],"collaborative":[8,48,77],"writing":[9,87,118],"process:":[10],"We":[11,170],"start":[12],"with":[13],"an":[14],"initial":[15],"draft,":[16],"ask":[17],"for":[18,47,101,126,147],"suggestions,":[19,95],"and":[20,60,98,131,154,165,180],"repeatedly":[21],"make":[22],"changes.":[23],"Agnostic":[24],"this":[26],"process,":[27,119],"today's":[28],"language":[29,78],"models":[30],"are":[31,51,152],"trained":[32,82],"to":[33,53,58,83,112,158,161,166],"generate":[34],"only":[35],"final":[37],"result.":[38],"As":[39],"consequence,":[41],"they":[42],"lack":[43],"several":[44],"abilities":[45],"crucial":[46],"writing:":[49],"They":[50],"unable":[52],"update":[54],"existing":[55],"texts,":[56],"difficult":[57],"control":[59],"incapable":[61],"verbally":[63],"planning":[64],"or":[65],"explaining":[66],"their":[67],"actions.":[68,103,169],"To":[69],"address":[70],"these":[71],"shortcomings,":[72],"we":[73,105],"introduce":[74],"PEER,":[75],"model":[79],"that":[80,172],"imitate":[84],"entire":[86],"process":[88],"itself:":[89],"PEER":[90,110,173],"can":[91],"write":[92,162],"drafts,":[93],"add":[94],"propose":[96],"edits":[97],"provide":[99],"explanations":[100],"its":[102,156,168],"Crucially,":[104],"train":[106],"multiple":[107],"instances":[108],"able":[111],"infill":[113],"various":[114,178],"parts":[115],"enabling":[120],"use":[122],"self-training":[124],"techniques":[125],"increasing":[127],"quality,":[129],"amount":[130],"diversity":[132],"training":[134],"data.":[135],"This":[136],"unlocks":[137],"PEER's":[138],"full":[139],"potential":[140],"by":[141],"making":[142],"it":[143],"applicable":[144],"in":[145],"domains":[146,179],"which":[148],"no":[149],"edit":[150],"histories":[151],"available":[153],"improving":[155],"ability":[157],"follow":[159],"instructions,":[160],"useful":[163],"comments,":[164],"explain":[167],"show":[171],"achieves":[174],"strong":[175],"performance":[176],"across":[177],"editing":[181],"tasks.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-08-26T00:00:00"}
