{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293053172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","title":"SRMANet: Toward an Interpretable Neural Network with Multi-Attention Mechanism for Gearbox Fault Diagnosis","display_name":"SRMANet: Toward an Interpretable Neural Network with Multi-Attention Mechanism for Gearbox Fault Diagnosis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293053172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app12168388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/16/8388/pdf?version=1661175786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/16/8388/pdf?version=1661175786","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406620","display_name":"Siyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-4683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-4683","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2234-1546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037085168","display_name":"Jinying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-7793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-7793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052639149","display_name":"Jiancheng Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiancheng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022972551","display_name":"Jia Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-4537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-4537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-4537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037085168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2408},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2408},"fwci":0.7688,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63824564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"16","first_page":"8388","last_page":"8388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gearbox-fault-diagnosis","display_name":"gearbox fault diagnosis","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretable-neural-networks","display_name":"interpretable neural networks","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-attention-mechanism","display_name":"multi-attention mechanism","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration-feature-extraction","display_name":"vibration signal feature extraction","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planetary-gearbox","display_name":"planetary gearbox","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box-model-interpretability","display_name":"black-box interpretability","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9020453095436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6595229506492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.611598789691925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5458860397338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5365099906921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5361483097076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5350367426872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4709504544734955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4583304822444916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34029462933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11623680591583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app12168388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/16/8388/pdf?version=1661175786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5ad100ad883480897f8faf115e1b71a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5ad100ad883480897f8faf115e1b71a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 12, Iss 16, p 8388 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app12168388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/16/8388/pdf?version=1661175786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1487212303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020SY410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2413945985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201903D421008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4569329869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321884","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6177298034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201901D211202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G726758133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201901D111157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G891926870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321884","display_name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293053172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293053172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1430048851","https://openalex.org/W2008869473","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2793629656","https://openalex.org/W2906578288","https://openalex.org/W2909643836","https://openalex.org/W2915344541","https://openalex.org/W2921717016","https://openalex.org/W2925209208","https://openalex.org/W2940491215","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2966507006","https://openalex.org/W2971878484","https://openalex.org/W2972401736","https://openalex.org/W2972641997","https://openalex.org/W2987246358","https://openalex.org/W2990308728","https://openalex.org/W2995140071","https://openalex.org/W3005695061","https://openalex.org/W3006560346","https://openalex.org/W3009075394","https://openalex.org/W3009370740","https://openalex.org/W3010931250","https://openalex.org/W3025770049","https://openalex.org/W3025967384","https://openalex.org/W3028664481","https://openalex.org/W3042706401","https://openalex.org/W3090982778","https://openalex.org/W3094105523","https://openalex.org/W3097068663","https://openalex.org/W3108701224","https://openalex.org/W3110199296","https://openalex.org/W3111635293","https://openalex.org/W3120026198","https://openalex.org/W3122347867","https://openalex.org/W3129318029","https://openalex.org/W3137617768","https://openalex.org/W3141784598","https://openalex.org/W3177540732","https://openalex.org/W4302275239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7153143909","https://openalex.org/W3094105523","https://openalex.org/W4401059239","https://openalex.org/W7214912878","https://openalex.org/W4408237795","https://openalex.org/W7027327915","https://openalex.org/W7169077654","https://openalex.org/W4384158807","https://openalex.org/W7172502393","https://openalex.org/W4295886387"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"network":[2,45],"(DNN),":[3],"with":[4,73],"the":[5,22,27,60,81,84,90,93,103,107,112,115,120,129,136,150],"capacity":[6],"for":[7],"feature":[8,53,117],"inference":[9],"and":[10,58,76,95,133],"nonlinear":[11],"mapping,":[12],"has":[13],"demonstrated":[14],"its":[15],"effectiveness":[16],"in":[17,119,149],"end-to-end":[18],"fault":[19,147],"diagnosis.":[20],"However,":[21],"intermediate":[23],"learning":[24],"process":[25],"of":[26,52,55,83,92,106,135],"DNN":[28],"architecture":[29],"is":[30,47],"invisible,":[31],"making":[32],"it":[33],"an":[34],"uninterpretable":[35],"black-box":[36],"model.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"a":[41,50],"stacked":[42],"residual":[43,66],"multi-attention":[44],"(SRMANet)":[46],"proposed":[48],"as":[49],"means":[51],"extraction":[54],"vibration":[56],"signals,":[57],"visualizing":[59],"model":[61,94,137],"training":[62],"process,":[63],"designing":[64],"Squeeze-excitation":[65],"(SE-Res)":[67],"blocks":[68],"to":[69,88,97,111],"obtain":[70,98],"additive":[71],"features":[72],"minimal":[74],"redundancy":[75],"sparsity.":[77],"This":[78],"study":[79],"recommends":[80],"use":[82],"attention":[85,108],"fusion":[86],"unit":[87],"ensure":[89],"interpretability":[91],"ultimately":[96],"representative":[99],"features.":[100],"By":[101],"feeding":[102],"output":[104],"gradient":[105],"layer":[109],"back":[110],"original":[113],"signal,":[114],"key":[116],"components":[118],"time":[121],"domain":[122],"signal":[123],"can":[124],"be":[125],"effectively":[126],"captured.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"interpretability,":[130],"identification":[131],"accuracy":[132],"adaptability":[134],"under":[138],"different":[139,146],"operating":[140],"conditions":[141],"are":[142],"verified":[143],"on":[144],"12":[145],"tasks":[148],"planetary":[151],"gearbox.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-08-25T00:00:00"}
