{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293025835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530618","title":"FPGA-aware automatic acceleration framework for vision transformer with mixed-scheme quantization","display_name":"FPGA-aware automatic acceleration framework for vision transformer with mixed-scheme quantization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293025835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489517.3530618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231368","display_name":"ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","issn_l":"0738-100X","issn":["0738-100X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083232044","display_name":"Mengshu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3540-1464","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3540-1464"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengshu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101633365","display_name":"Zhengang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-4761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-4761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067662998","display_name":"Alec Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3315-7368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3315-7368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alec Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024437999","display_name":"Haoyu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0888-6523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0888-6523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007300551","display_name":"Geng Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-992X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-992X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088784101","display_name":"Yanyue Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-521X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-521X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyue Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050748634","display_name":"Hao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-1246","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-1246","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6973-8121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010773732","display_name":"Yanyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-4785","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-4785"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083047329","display_name":"Miriam E. Leeser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-056X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-056X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Leeser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048522863","display_name":"Zhangyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-5693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-5693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043582832","display_name":"Xue Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-8883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-8883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065889904","display_name":"Zhenman Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-9697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-9697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenman Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7408,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80909486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1394","last_page":"1395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.060600001364946365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13292","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-transformer","display_name":"vision transformer","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fpga-accelerator","display_name":"FPGA accelerator","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-quantization","display_name":"model quantization","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"hardware acceleration","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deit","display_name":"DeiT","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate-improvement","display_name":"frame rate improvement","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-width-reduction","display_name":"bit-width reduction","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8831449747085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.7670023441314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124027609825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.7108984589576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5399447083473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4922715723514557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47127482295036316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203864433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5426992","display_name":"FPGA prototype","level":3,"score":0.4322674870491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41623321175575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35264360904693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26314777135849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17403116822242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11119425296783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0874309241771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489517.3530618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231368","display_name":"ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","issn_l":"0738-100X","issn":["0738-100X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2587219159","display_name":"SHF: Medium: Collaborative Research: ADMM-NN: A Unified Software/Hardware Framework of DNN Computation and Storage Reduction Using ADMM","funder_award_id":"1901378","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2979314664","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3146097248","https://openalex.org/W3158020960","https://openalex.org/W3199934250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321637298","https://openalex.org/W4226549668","https://openalex.org/W4411544631","https://openalex.org/W7140462333","https://openalex.org/W4408144691","https://openalex.org/W4413436994","https://openalex.org/W4410810281","https://openalex.org/W4399304317","https://openalex.org/W4400524700","https://openalex.org/W4409917083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"transformers":[1],"(ViTs)":[2],"are":[3],"emerging":[4],"with":[5,63,88,111],"significantly":[6],"improved":[7],"accuracy":[8,82,113],"in":[9],"computer":[10],"vision":[11],"tasks.":[12],"However,":[13],"their":[14],"complex":[15],"architecture":[16],"and":[17],"enormous":[18],"computation/storage":[19],"demand":[20],"impose":[21],"urgent":[22],"needs":[23],"for":[24,115],"new":[25],"hardware":[26,72],"accelerator":[27,96],"design":[28],"methodology.":[29],"This":[30],"work":[31,67],"proposes":[32],"an":[33],"FPGA-aware":[34],"automatic":[35],"ViT":[36,56,65],"acceleration":[37,57],"framework":[38,58],"based":[39],"on":[40,101],"the":[41,46,53,84,89,102],"proposed":[42],"mixed-scheme":[43],"quantization.":[44,61],"To":[45],"best":[47],"of":[48],"our":[49,74,95],"knowledge,":[50],"this":[51],"is":[52],"first":[54],"FPGA-based":[55],"exploring":[59],"model":[60],"Compared":[62,87],"state-of-the-art":[64],"quantization":[66,75],"(algorithmic":[68],"approach":[69],"only":[70],"without":[71],"acceleration),":[73],"achieves":[76,97],"0.31%":[77],"to":[78],"1.25%":[79],"higher":[80],"Top-1":[81],"under":[83],"same":[85],"bit-width.":[86],"32-bit":[90],"floating-point":[91],"baseline":[92],"FPGA":[93],"accelerator,":[94],"around":[98],"5.6\u00d7":[99],"improvement":[100],"frame":[103],"rate":[104],"(i.e.,":[105],"56.4":[106],"FPS":[107],"vs.":[108],"10.0":[109],"FPS)":[110],"0.83%":[112],"drop":[114],"DeiT-base.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2022-08-25T00:00:00"}
