{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292672078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","title":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors","display_name":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292672078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15213107","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/437139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","pdf_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/328/7455/1519.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/328/7455/1519.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110210987","display_name":"Richard Doll","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Doll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041941850","display_name":"Richard Peto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-5339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-5339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Peto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105469593","display_name":"Jillian Boreham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jillian Boreham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031686484","display_name":"I. L. G. Sutherland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabelle Sutherland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110210987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.5856,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2919,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99993917,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"328","issue":"7455","first_page":"1519","last_page":"1519"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10556","display_name":"Global Cancer Incidence and Screening","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-smoking","display_name":"cigarette smoking","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation","display_name":"smoking cessation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-expectancy","display_name":"life expectancy","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-cohort-differences","display_name":"birth cohort differences","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascular-disease","display_name":"vascular disease","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoplasms","display_name":"neoplasms","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-diseases","display_name":"respiratory diseases","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-intensity","display_name":"smoking intensity","score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease","display_name":"cardiovascular disease","score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"lung cancer","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease","display_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-consumption","display_name":"alcohol consumption","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-control","display_name":"tobacco control","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation-counseling","display_name":"smoking cessation counseling","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation-interventions","display_name":"smoking cessation interventions","score":0.31700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7689111232757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.7139692306518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.6892014145851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019085024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7212330","display_name":"Cigarette smoking","level":2,"score":0.592667281627655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5075322389602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018792137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6914399","display_name":"Excess mortality","level":3,"score":0.46795713901519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.4222896695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.39521101117134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2502145767211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.19942933320999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19895467162132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.12500301003456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.12488994002342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002423","descriptor_name":"Cause of Death","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004812","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016540","descriptor_name":"Smoking Cessation","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017677","descriptor_name":"Age Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","pdf_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/328/7455/1519.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:437139","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/437139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:15213107","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15213107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:bmj:328/7455/1519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/328/7455/1519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:bmj:bmj.38142.554479.AEv1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/bmj.38142.554479.AEv1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae","pdf_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/328/7455/1519.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","display_name":"Cancer Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/054225q67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","display_name":"British Heart Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02wdwnk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292672078.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292672078.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530195983","https://openalex.org/W1592175667","https://openalex.org/W1599255338","https://openalex.org/W1615065950","https://openalex.org/W1964785359","https://openalex.org/W1966923161","https://openalex.org/W1975136682","https://openalex.org/W1986003353","https://openalex.org/W1998637589","https://openalex.org/W1999931308","https://openalex.org/W2004634778","https://openalex.org/W2012868495","https://openalex.org/W2050876183","https://openalex.org/W2073563426","https://openalex.org/W2077030176","https://openalex.org/W2080559452","https://openalex.org/W2085893943","https://openalex.org/W2100346673","https://openalex.org/W2114616454","https://openalex.org/W2125969921","https://openalex.org/W2130663556","https://openalex.org/W2153483148","https://openalex.org/W2165689775","https://openalex.org/W2187930602","https://openalex.org/W2312188480","https://openalex.org/W2327319391","https://openalex.org/W2335592377","https://openalex.org/W2414683692","https://openalex.org/W2493873184","https://openalex.org/W2531391270","https://openalex.org/W2802472428","https://openalex.org/W3087234998","https://openalex.org/W4235739337","https://openalex.org/W4237242751","https://openalex.org/W4292230194","https://openalex.org/W4294570573","https://openalex.org/W4302200404","https://openalex.org/W4302415928","https://openalex.org/W6649832456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100346673","https://openalex.org/W4294570573","https://openalex.org/W1564648682","https://openalex.org/W4246831415","https://openalex.org/W4254805011","https://openalex.org/W2167489015","https://openalex.org/W2271032532","https://openalex.org/W2061891546","https://openalex.org/W4391656702","https://openalex.org/W4403392732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"compare":[2],"the":[3,18,21,162,172,214,219,237,241,249,263,267,275,283,289,313,330,353],"hazards":[4],"of":[5,20,146,180,225,240,266,299,327,363],"cigarette":[6,26,154,175,220,306,336],"smoking":[7,27,55,78,93,117,155,337],"in":[8,23,59,84,109,161,171,182,198,213,282,312],"men":[9,82,159,169,246,272,331],"who":[10,111],"formed":[11],"their":[12,54],"habits":[13,56],"at":[14,30,129,236,262,349,357],"different":[15,31,85],"periods,":[16],"and":[17,61,98,115,165,296,323,355],"extent":[19],"reduction":[22],"risk":[24],"when":[25],"is":[28],"stopped":[29],"ages.":[32],"DESIGN:":[33],"Prospective":[34],"study":[35],"that":[36,101],"has":[37,301],"continued":[38,116],"from":[39,227,338],"1951":[40],"to":[41,230,294,321],"2001.":[42],"SETTING:":[43],"United":[44],"Kingdom.":[45],"PARTICIPANTS:":[46],"34":[47],"439":[48],"male":[49],"British":[50],"doctors.":[51],"Information":[52],"about":[53,121,139],"was":[57,67,156,166],"obtained":[58],"1951,":[60],"periodically":[62],"thereafter;":[63],"cause":[64],"specific":[65,344],"mortality":[66,76,90,151,284,345],"monitored":[68],"for":[69,158,168,195,210],"50":[70,351],"years.":[71],"MAIN":[72],"OUTCOME":[73],"MEASURES:":[74],"Overall":[75],"by":[77,105,308],"habit,":[79],"considering":[80],"separately":[81],"born":[83,108,160,170,197,212,247,273,332],"periods.":[86],"RESULTS:":[87],"The":[88,149,174],"excess":[89,150],"associated":[91,152],"with":[92,153],"chiefly":[94],"involved":[95],"vascular,":[96],"neoplastic,":[97],"respiratory":[99],"diseases":[100],"can":[102],"be":[103],"caused":[104],"smoking.":[106],"Men":[107],"1900-1930":[110],"smoked":[112],"only":[113],"cigarettes":[114],"died":[118],"on":[119],"average":[120],"10":[122,144],"years":[123,136,145],"younger":[124],"than":[125],"lifelong":[126],"non-smokers.":[127],"Cessation":[128],"age":[130,184,228,343,350,358],"60,":[131],"50,":[132],"40,":[133],"or":[134,143],"30":[135,359],"gained,":[137],"respectively,":[138],"3,":[140],"6,":[141],"9,":[142],"life":[147,341],"expectancy.":[148],"less":[157],"19th":[163],"century":[164,292],"greatest":[167],"1920s.":[173,215],"smoker":[176,221,314],"versus":[177,222],"non-smoker":[178,223,316],"probabilities":[179,224],"dying":[181],"middle":[183],"(35-69)":[185],"were":[186,201,232,252],"42%":[187],"nu":[188,203,234,254,315],"24%":[189],"(a":[190,205],"twofold":[191],"death":[192,207,238,259,264,317],"rate":[193,208,260,318],"ratio)":[194,209,261],"those":[196,211],"1900-1909,":[199],"but":[200,251,347],"43%":[202],"15%":[204],"threefold":[206,258],"At":[216],"older":[217],"ages,":[218],"surviving":[226],"70":[229],"90":[231],"10%":[233],"12%":[235],"rates":[239,265,285],"1950s":[242],"(that":[243,269],"is,":[244,270],"among":[245,271,286,305],"around":[248,274,333],"1870s)":[250],"7%":[253],"33%":[255],"(again":[256],"a":[257,309],"1990s":[268],"1910s).":[276],"CONCLUSION:":[277],"A":[278],"substantial":[279],"progressive":[280,310],"decrease":[281],"non-smokers":[287],"over":[288],"past":[290],"half":[291],"(due":[293],"prevention":[295],"improved":[297],"treatment":[298],"disease)":[300],"been":[302],"wholly":[303],"outweighed,":[304],"smokers,":[307],"increase":[311],"ratio":[319],"due":[320],"earlier":[322],"more":[324],"intensive":[325],"use":[326],"cigarettes.":[328],"Among":[329],"1920,":[334],"prolonged":[335],"early":[339],"adult":[340],"tripled":[342],"rates,":[346],"cessation":[348,356],"halved":[352],"hazard,":[354],"avoided":[360],"almost":[361],"all":[362],"it.":[364]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":124},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":137},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":123},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":132},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":160},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":135},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":135},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":152},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":165},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":146},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":182},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":162}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-08-23T00:00:00"}