{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292292137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","title":"Extract Class Refactoring Based on Cohesion and Coupling: A Greedy Approach","display_name":"Extract Class Refactoring Based on Cohesion and Coupling: A Greedy Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292292137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11080123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/8/123/pdf?version=1660643721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/8/123/pdf?version=1660643721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067213628","display_name":"Musaad Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-4483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-4483"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Musaad Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Albaha 65799, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-4483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Albaha 65799, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067213628"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1466},"fwci":1.3787,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82495141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"123","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-cohesion","display_name":"class cohesion","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-coupling","display_name":"class coupling","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-refactoring","display_name":"automated refactoring","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"greedy algorithm","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-design","display_name":"object-oriented design","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"software quality","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blobs","display_name":"blobs","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.9156941771507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.8103259205818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7268959283828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5478180050849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5058045387268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.502164363861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4604492783546448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4489702880382538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4192643165588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4169911742210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39139050245285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32819944620132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25565803050994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.12940272688865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11877837777137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11080123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/8/123/pdf?version=1660643721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eef6062ff5de4ba5beb4489fe5fe3a39","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eef6062ff5de4ba5beb4489fe5fe3a39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 11, Iss 8, p 123 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11080123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080123","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/8/123/pdf?version=1660643721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292292137.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292292137.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1941013187","https://openalex.org/W1964429554","https://openalex.org/W1969657187","https://openalex.org/W1976019354","https://openalex.org/W1976270565","https://openalex.org/W2000679946","https://openalex.org/W2014412501","https://openalex.org/W2021680759","https://openalex.org/W2027263526","https://openalex.org/W2035390683","https://openalex.org/W2039424656","https://openalex.org/W2039547451","https://openalex.org/W2042438401","https://openalex.org/W2046263206","https://openalex.org/W2049055220","https://openalex.org/W2089910927","https://openalex.org/W2114826097","https://openalex.org/W2137659640","https://openalex.org/W2141069252","https://openalex.org/W2151373442","https://openalex.org/W2157353183","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2159725273","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2185832694","https://openalex.org/W2288308133","https://openalex.org/W2382315693","https://openalex.org/W2593947001","https://openalex.org/W2754168971","https://openalex.org/W2786060867","https://openalex.org/W2947451247","https://openalex.org/W2962129392","https://openalex.org/W2968398286","https://openalex.org/W3007452449","https://openalex.org/W3081521738","https://openalex.org/W3086835377","https://openalex.org/W3114339006","https://openalex.org/W3160343763","https://openalex.org/W3188902346","https://openalex.org/W3196695088","https://openalex.org/W4210721538","https://openalex.org/W4211100048","https://openalex.org/W4308643086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046263206","https://openalex.org/W2977365783","https://openalex.org/W2115685157","https://openalex.org/W3114339006","https://openalex.org/W2067846816","https://openalex.org/W2134557343","https://openalex.org/W2021680759","https://openalex.org/W2009130747","https://openalex.org/W2947451247","https://openalex.org/W2773628054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"large":[1,62,108,168],"class":[2,22,34],"with":[3,57],"many":[4,84],"responsibilities":[5],"is":[6,37,41,66,78,197],"a":[7,21,52,67,107,144,167],"design":[8,46],"flaw":[9,47],"that":[10,40,70,92,102,147,162,193],"commonly":[11],"occurs":[12],"in":[13,89,204],"real-world":[14,178],"object-oriented":[15,184],"systems":[16],"during":[17],"their":[18],"lifespan.":[19],"Such":[20],"tends":[23],"to":[24,28,43,50,94,133,156,202],"be":[25,104,164],"more":[26],"difficult":[27],"comprehend,":[29],"test,":[30],"and":[31,74,154,200],"change.":[32],"Extract":[33],"refactoring":[35],"(ECR)":[36],"the":[38,61,90,97,118,121,126,134,149,152,158,189,194,205],"technique":[39],"used":[42],"address":[44],"this":[45,141],"by":[48,81],"trying":[49],"extract":[51],"set":[53,99,159],"of":[54,100,112,120,136,151,160,188],"smaller":[55],"classes":[56,101,123,161],"better":[58],"quality":[59],"from":[60,106,166,181],"class.":[63,109,169],"Unfortunately,":[64],"ECR":[65],"costly":[68],"process":[69],"takes":[71],"great":[72],"time":[73],"effort":[75],"when":[76],"it":[77],"conducted":[79],"completely":[80],"hand.":[82],"Thus,":[83],"approaches":[85,114],"have":[86],"been":[87],"introduced":[88],"literature":[91],"tried":[93],"automatically":[95],"suggest":[96],"best":[98],"can":[103,131,163],"extracted":[105,122,165],"However,":[110],"most":[111],"these":[113],"focus":[115],"on":[116,177],"improving":[117],"cohesion":[119,153],"yet":[124],"neglect":[125],"coupling":[127,155],"between":[128],"them":[129],"which":[130],"lead":[132],"extraction":[135],"highly":[137],"coupled":[138],"classes.":[139],"Therefore,":[140],"paper":[142],"proposes":[143],"novel":[145],"approach":[146,172,196],"considers":[148],"combination":[150],"identify":[157],"The":[170,186],"proposed":[171,195],"was":[173],"empirically":[174],"evaluated":[175],"based":[176],"Blobs":[179],"taken":[180],"two":[182],"open-source":[183],"systems.":[185],"results":[187],"empirical":[190],"evaluation":[191],"revealed":[192],"potentially":[198],"useful":[199],"leads":[201],"improvement":[203],"overall":[206],"quality.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-08-19T00:00:00"}