{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292080922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","title":"Suitability Classification of Retinal Fundus Images for Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Suitability Classification of Retinal Fundus Images for Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292080922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11162564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2564/pdf?version=1660706600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2564/pdf?version=1660706600","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066638770","display_name":"German Pinedo-Diaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4802-6632","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4802-6632"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"German Pinedo-Diaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4802-6632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060102766","display_name":"Susana Ortega Cisneros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-1529","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-1529"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susana Ortega-Cisneros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-1529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039873301","display_name":"Eduardo Ulises Moya-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-4881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-4881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130040446","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/05ppk0267","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130040446"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Ulises Moya-Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Postgraduate Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, Mexico","Government of Jalisco, Independencia 55, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-4881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Postgraduate Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130040446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Government of Jalisco, Independencia 55, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026852819","display_name":"Jorge Rivera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-2224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-2224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163111","display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34","country_code":"MX","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163111"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Rivera","raw_affiliation_strings":["CONACYT\u2014Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Guadalajara Campus, Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-2224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CONACYT\u2014Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Guadalajara Campus, Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163111","https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033260018","display_name":"Pedro Mej\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-6266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-6266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Mejia-Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-6266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081097565","display_name":"Francisco J. Rodriguez-Navarrete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6871-3611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6871-3611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Rodriguez-Navarrete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6871-3611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Studies and Research Center (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Av. del Bosque 1145, Zapopan 45019, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abraham Sanchez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130040446","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/05ppk0267","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130040446"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Postgraduate Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, Mexico","Government of Jalisco, Independencia 55, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Postgraduate Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130040446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Government of Jalisco, Independencia 55, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060102766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":2.3065,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88545196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"16","first_page":"2564","last_page":"2564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-images","display_name":"fundus images","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality-assessment","display_name":"image quality assessment","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-image-classification","display_name":"retinal image classification","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"lightweight convolutional neural network","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"binary classification","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"object detection","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-screening","display_name":"diabetes screening","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-distribution-data","display_name":"out-of-distribution data","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-domain-features","display_name":"spatial domain features","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7167501449584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.713752806186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7078977227210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6852825880050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.654387354850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5721408724784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5588746666908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.512834370136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.44901227951049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4461369812488556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4327704906463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4228341579437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.240070641040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.21155712008476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18067333102226257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.17442303895950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.17031842470169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11162564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2564/pdf?version=1660706600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:121434e3757946d3becb623d97c74c09","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/121434e3757946d3becb623d97c74c09","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronics, Vol 11, Iss 2564, p 2564 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11162564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162564","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/16/2564/pdf?version=1660706600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1707883388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"923969","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","funder_display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292080922.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292080922.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W289976167","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W1982471090","https://openalex.org/W2066454956","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2304562840","https://openalex.org/W2337024056","https://openalex.org/W2553769540","https://openalex.org/W2755990594","https://openalex.org/W2772246530","https://openalex.org/W2897272951","https://openalex.org/W2904271401","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W3004483087","https://openalex.org/W3022710784","https://openalex.org/W3057827002","https://openalex.org/W3088270509","https://openalex.org/W3091560139","https://openalex.org/W3092211252","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3158522809","https://openalex.org/W3164440025","https://openalex.org/W3168535077","https://openalex.org/W4200306963","https://openalex.org/W4220926288","https://openalex.org/W4281971994","https://openalex.org/W4301802631","https://openalex.org/W4386075553","https://openalex.org/W6803003410","https://openalex.org/W6903790264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7127225365","https://openalex.org/W4401403397","https://openalex.org/W4317564993","https://openalex.org/W7203746257","https://openalex.org/W7155045894","https://openalex.org/W3179170276","https://openalex.org/W4388500887","https://openalex.org/W4404032250","https://openalex.org/W4386025192","https://openalex.org/W4413640200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3,55,129],"the":[4,18,34,62,99,163,174,185],"primary":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,20,36,65],"blindness":[8,21],"in":[9,22,33,38,42,80,119,153],"developing":[10],"and":[11,44,90,103,115,165,167,170],"developed":[12],"countries.":[13,46],"Early-stage":[14],"DR":[15,82],"detection":[16,176],"reduces":[17],"risk":[19],"Diabetes":[23],"Mellitus":[24],"(DM)":[25],"patients.":[26],"There":[27],"has":[28,75],"been":[29],"a":[30,56,123,136],"sharp":[31],"rise":[32],"prevalence":[35],"DM":[37,53],"recent":[39],"years,":[40],"especially":[41],"low-":[43],"middle-income":[45],"In":[47,121],"this":[48],"context,":[49],"automated":[50,193],"artificial":[51],"intelligence-based":[52],"screening":[54,83],"crucial":[57],"tool":[58],"to":[59,77,85,145],"help":[60],"classify":[61],"considerable":[63],"amount":[64],"Retinal":[66],"Fundus":[67],"Images":[68],"(RFI).":[69],"However,":[70],"retinal":[71],"image":[72,104],"quality":[73,105],"assessment":[74,106],"shown":[76],"be":[78,189],"fundamental":[79],"real-world":[81],"processes":[84],"avoid":[86],"out-of-distribution":[87],"data,":[88],"drift,":[89],"images":[91],"lacking":[92],"relevant":[93],"anatomical":[94],"information.":[95],"This":[96],"work":[97],"analyzes":[98],"spatial":[100],"domain":[101],"features":[102,118],"metrics":[107],"for":[108,132],"carrying":[109],"out":[110],"Deep":[111],"Learning":[112],"(DL)":[113],"classification":[114,134],"detecting":[116],"notable":[117],"RFI.":[120],"addition,":[122],"novel":[124],"lightweight":[125],"convolutional":[126],"neural":[127,147],"network":[128],"proposed":[130,186],"specifically":[131],"binary":[133],"at":[135],"low":[137],"computational":[138],"cost.":[139],"The":[140,156],"training":[141],"results":[142],"are":[143,150],"comparable":[144],"state-of-the-art":[146],"networks,":[148],"which":[149],"widely":[151],"used":[152],"DL":[154],"applications.":[155],"implemented":[157],"architecture":[158],"achieves":[159,179],"98.6%":[160],"area":[161],"under":[162],"curve,":[164],"97.66%,":[166],"98.33%":[168],"sensitivity":[169],"specificity,":[171],"respectively.":[172],"Moreover,":[173],"object":[175],"model":[177],"trained":[178],"94.5%":[180],"mean":[181],"average":[182],"precision.":[183],"Furthermore,":[184],"approach":[187],"can":[188],"integrated":[190],"into":[191],"any":[192],"RFI":[194],"analysis":[195],"system.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-08-17T00:00:00"}