{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291825152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x221119499","title":"Gender Disparities in AP Computer Science Exams: Analysis of Trends in Participation and top Achievement","display_name":"Gender Disparities in AP Computer Science Exams: Analysis of Trends in Participation and top Achievement","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291825152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x221119499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1932202x221119499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x221119499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x221119499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29666029","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Academics","issn_l":"1077-4610","issn":["1077-4610","1932-202X","2162-9528","2162-9536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advanced Academics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A. Kadir Bahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-3017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-3017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Kadir Bahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-3017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046324449","display_name":"Erdo\u011fan Kaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-3259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-3259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erdogan Kaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746437","display_name":"Xiaolu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4044-8550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4044-8550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9412901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"574","last_page":"603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.04639999940991402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.040300000458955765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-placement-computer-science","display_name":"Advanced Placement Computer Science","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-female-ratio","display_name":"male-to-female ratio","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-gap-in-stem","display_name":"gender gap in STEM","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-counseling","display_name":"school counseling","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6570793390274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992626547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11491601","display_name":"Gender disparity","level":2,"score":0.6267976760864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5481784343719482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54933915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379676","display_name":"Advanced Placement","level":2,"score":0.5397483110427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5049436688423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44944384694099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.4114013612270355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.24222224950790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1134750247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10086891055107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1932202x221119499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x221119499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x221119499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29666029","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Academics","issn_l":"1077-4610","issn":["1077-4610","1932-202X","2162-9528","2162-9536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advanced Academics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49686737","https://openalex.org/W1972041347","https://openalex.org/W1977884443","https://openalex.org/W1980783498","https://openalex.org/W1990151882","https://openalex.org/W1991239950","https://openalex.org/W1992333423","https://openalex.org/W1995823129","https://openalex.org/W2008341125","https://openalex.org/W2011176679","https://openalex.org/W2016226370","https://openalex.org/W2016243644","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2030370904","https://openalex.org/W2030739764","https://openalex.org/W2033339658","https://openalex.org/W2037529626","https://openalex.org/W2045148280","https://openalex.org/W2066706582","https://openalex.org/W2067867407","https://openalex.org/W2075575187","https://openalex.org/W2076254283","https://openalex.org/W2082743281","https://openalex.org/W2094354143","https://openalex.org/W2098739372","https://openalex.org/W2101892923","https://openalex.org/W2101929716","https://openalex.org/W2113640662","https://openalex.org/W2140893599","https://openalex.org/W2157877851","https://openalex.org/W2161727366","https://openalex.org/W2162397375","https://openalex.org/W2164988358","https://openalex.org/W2205560864","https://openalex.org/W2249698535","https://openalex.org/W2256429490","https://openalex.org/W2277718088","https://openalex.org/W2285240328","https://openalex.org/W2318680928","https://openalex.org/W2491380873","https://openalex.org/W2526387018","https://openalex.org/W2527035325","https://openalex.org/W2567289819","https://openalex.org/W2591618379","https://openalex.org/W2592523796","https://openalex.org/W2604315311","https://openalex.org/W2616803556","https://openalex.org/W2620807345","https://openalex.org/W2727687983","https://openalex.org/W2732665148","https://openalex.org/W2781040740","https://openalex.org/W2789003292","https://openalex.org/W2916311298","https://openalex.org/W2982544747","https://openalex.org/W3006388254","https://openalex.org/W3009245502","https://openalex.org/W3009384056","https://openalex.org/W3087213447","https://openalex.org/W3126672245","https://openalex.org/W3134842863","https://openalex.org/W3135480720","https://openalex.org/W3159131488","https://openalex.org/W3195355924","https://openalex.org/W3202904458","https://openalex.org/W3211037715","https://openalex.org/W3215065680","https://openalex.org/W4206758272","https://openalex.org/W4210444181","https://openalex.org/W4214840569","https://openalex.org/W4236329215","https://openalex.org/W4244295773","https://openalex.org/W4246307643","https://openalex.org/W4246864588","https://openalex.org/W4251304672","https://openalex.org/W4253784332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211037715","https://openalex.org/W2032625211","https://openalex.org/W4389149148","https://openalex.org/W3087213447","https://openalex.org/W2159946633","https://openalex.org/W7009520936","https://openalex.org/W3174734735","https://openalex.org/W3046971881","https://openalex.org/W7097837214","https://openalex.org/W3135480720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"the":[1,12,27,32,49,70,101,123,126],"test":[2],"scores":[3],"of":[4,31,80,85,93,106,125,128],"more":[5],"than":[6],"1,000,000":[7],"students":[8],"who":[9,76],"participated":[10],"in":[11,34,37,42,82,91,122,130],"Advanced":[13],"Placement":[14],"Computer":[15,55],"Science":[16,56],"(AP":[17],"CS)":[18],"exams":[19,88],"from":[20,61,96],"1997":[21,66],"to":[22,63,98],"2020,":[23],"this":[24],"study":[25],"examined":[26],"direction":[28],"and":[29,39,67,116],"magnitude":[30],"trends":[33],"gender":[35],"disparity":[36],"participation":[38],"top":[40,73],"achievement":[41],"advanced":[43],"exams.":[44],"The":[45],"findings":[46,108],"indicated":[47],"that":[48],"male-to-female":[50],"ratio":[51],"(MFR)":[52],"among":[53,72],"AP":[54,86,113],"(CS)":[57],"exam":[58],"participants":[59],"declined":[60,89],"4.87":[62],"2.26":[64],"between":[65],"2020.":[68],"Similarly,":[69],"MFR":[71],"scorers":[74],"(students":[75],"scored":[77],"5":[78],"out":[79],"5)":[81],"any":[83],"type":[84],"CS":[87,114],"rapidly,":[90],"favor":[92],"female":[94],"students,":[95],"8.00":[97],"2.14":[99],"during":[100],"same":[102],"period.":[103],"Possible":[104],"implications":[105],"these":[107],"for":[109,112],"educators,":[110],"particularly":[111],"teachers":[115],"school":[117],"counselors,":[118],"were":[119],"also":[120],"discussed":[121],"context":[124],"underrepresentation":[127],"females":[129],"computing":[131],"fields.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2022-08-16T00:00:00"}
