{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291657003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","title":"Geopolitical Risk and the LNG-LPG Trade","display_name":"Geopolitical Risk and the LNG-LPG Trade","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291657003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/peps-2022-0007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/peps-2022-0007/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S402139","display_name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"1079-2457","issn":["1079-2457","1554-8597"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/peps-2022-0007/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060852958","display_name":"Nektarios A. Michail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-3225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-3225","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2200-6385"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113091926","display_name":"Central Bank of Cyprus","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3av04","country_code":"CY","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113091926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nektarios A. Michail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic Analysis and Research Department , Central Bank of Cyprus, School of Economics and Business and Cyprus University of Technology , Thessaloniki , Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Analysis and Research Department , Central Bank of Cyprus, School of Economics and Business and Cyprus University of Technology , Thessaloniki , Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113091926","https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013087623","display_name":"Konstantinos D. Melas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-6572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-6572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89506807","display_name":"University of Western Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/00a5pe906","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos D. Melas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics , University of Western Macedonia , Kastoria , Greece","Faculty of Business and Economics and Metropolitan College , Thessaloniki , Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-6572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics , University of Western Macedonia , Kastoria , Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business and Economics and Metropolitan College , Thessaloniki , Greece","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013087623"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2366},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2366},"fwci":5.3346,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95663626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"243","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.8773999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.8773999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.0982000008225441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitical-risk","display_name":"geopolitical risk","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lng-carriers","display_name":"LNG carriers","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpg-carriers","display_name":"LPG carriers","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charter-rates","display_name":"charter rates","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spot-freight-rates","display_name":"spot freight rates","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquefied-natural-gas-trade","display_name":"liquefied natural gas trade","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shipping-costs","display_name":"shipping costs","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomic-conditions","display_name":"macroeconomic conditions","score":0.6679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.8999468088150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1787132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351609","display_name":"Liquefied petroleum gas","level":2,"score":0.8802196979522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14034172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358333","display_name":"Liquefied natural gas","level":3,"score":0.7070433497428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777596936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727002","display_name":"Charter","level":2,"score":0.6828610897064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.5346146821975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59427239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40858","display_name":"Natural gas","level":2,"score":0.5337112545967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.48867395520210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.48812565207481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.46849924325942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.42776691913604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.4267076551914215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777172336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2700433","display_name":"Energy security","level":3,"score":0.42648160457611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548895740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Petroleum","level":2,"score":0.4231805205345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33888792991638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.30058860778808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25872233510017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20286819338798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11279094219207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.094410240650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.08598858118057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/peps-2022-0007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/peps-2022-0007/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S402139","display_name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"1079-2457","issn":["1079-2457","1554-8597"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.3933751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3933751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3933751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/peps-2022-0007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2022-0007","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/peps-2022-0007/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S402139","display_name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"1079-2457","issn":["1079-2457","1554-8597"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291657003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291657003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W655724811","https://openalex.org/W1202216788","https://openalex.org/W1587141723","https://openalex.org/W1975163964","https://openalex.org/W1975994995","https://openalex.org/W1997966965","https://openalex.org/W1999316778","https://openalex.org/W1999858737","https://openalex.org/W2001673095","https://openalex.org/W2013092037","https://openalex.org/W2017902379","https://openalex.org/W2019459021","https://openalex.org/W2034707435","https://openalex.org/W2046967578","https://openalex.org/W2064638174","https://openalex.org/W2076302963","https://openalex.org/W2078197533","https://openalex.org/W2090319992","https://openalex.org/W2097580026","https://openalex.org/W2103109236","https://openalex.org/W2110603299","https://openalex.org/W2145978621","https://openalex.org/W2149557740","https://openalex.org/W2164023527","https://openalex.org/W2266081838","https://openalex.org/W2463623561","https://openalex.org/W2464114829","https://openalex.org/W2492301544","https://openalex.org/W2537507976","https://openalex.org/W2560137475","https://openalex.org/W2593715617","https://openalex.org/W2612301962","https://openalex.org/W2624725737","https://openalex.org/W2743302711","https://openalex.org/W2758897269","https://openalex.org/W2766714382","https://openalex.org/W2774421686","https://openalex.org/W2792967692","https://openalex.org/W2794008799","https://openalex.org/W2899014876","https://openalex.org/W2905912112","https://openalex.org/W2914638789","https://openalex.org/W2914956960","https://openalex.org/W2918145015","https://openalex.org/W2953963171","https://openalex.org/W2970470316","https://openalex.org/W2981900788","https://openalex.org/W3000215343","https://openalex.org/W3005241618","https://openalex.org/W3015333494","https://openalex.org/W3023770390","https://openalex.org/W3045453754","https://openalex.org/W3056602857","https://openalex.org/W3090326509","https://openalex.org/W3104475639","https://openalex.org/W3121570274","https://openalex.org/W3121806304","https://openalex.org/W3122534180","https://openalex.org/W3125430668","https://openalex.org/W3126081245","https://openalex.org/W3160400263","https://openalex.org/W3169704986","https://openalex.org/W3189955970","https://openalex.org/W3193171370","https://openalex.org/W3193472106","https://openalex.org/W3205016040","https://openalex.org/W3211698161","https://openalex.org/W3215881229","https://openalex.org/W4226530810","https://openalex.org/W4230644069","https://openalex.org/W4237694984","https://openalex.org/W4239149204","https://openalex.org/W4256339648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413270894","https://openalex.org/W4396768239","https://openalex.org/W4410498407","https://openalex.org/W4394890875","https://openalex.org/W4410151539","https://openalex.org/W7167698846","https://openalex.org/W4385743153","https://openalex.org/W7135577637","https://openalex.org/W7135242089","https://openalex.org/W4394927563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"explore":[2],"the":[3,26,40,43,54,60,65,74,77,81,90,105],"relationship":[4],"between":[5],"Liquified":[6,11],"Natural":[7],"Gas":[8,13],"(LNG)":[9],"and":[10,18,50,62,76],"Petroleum":[12],"(LPG)":[14],"carrier":[15],"freight":[16],"rates":[17,46],"global":[19],"geopolitical":[20,36],"risk,":[21],"while":[22],"also":[23],"controlling":[24],"for":[25,47,59,64,72],"macro":[27],"environment.":[28],"Our":[29,67],"results":[30,68],"show":[31],"that":[32],"a":[33],"shock":[34],"in":[35,80,104],"risk":[37],"significantly":[38],"increases":[39],"cost":[41],"of":[42,92],"spot":[44],"charter":[45],"both":[48,73],"LNG":[49],"LPG":[51],"carriers,":[52],"with":[53,85],"impact":[55],"reaching":[56],"around":[57],"25%":[58],"former":[61],"18%":[63],"latter.":[66],"bear":[69],"significant":[70],"implications":[71],"companies":[75],"countries":[78],"involved":[79],"liquefied":[82],"gas":[83],"trade,":[84],"its":[86],"importance":[87],"growing":[88],"as":[89],"use":[91],"this":[93],"energy":[94],"source":[95],"is":[96],"likely":[97],"to":[98],"continue":[99],"substituting":[100],"other":[101],"fossil":[102],"fuels":[103],"future.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2022-08-15T00:00:00"}