{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291199956","doi":null,"title":"On the origin and development of portable firearms (14th-19th centuries)","display_name":"On the origin and development of portable firearms (14th-19th centuries)","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291199956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tyragetia, Vol VII, Iss 2, Pp 325-328 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013867787","display_name":"Sergiu Dobrea","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergiu Dobrea","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013867787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.8080999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.8080999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":0.10719999670982361,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.022600000724196434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portable-firearms","display_name":"portable firearms","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-firearms","display_name":"firearms history","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gunpowder","display_name":"gunpowder","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballistic-properties","display_name":"ballistic properties","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/14th-19th-centuries","display_name":"14th-19th centuries","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-technology","display_name":"military technology","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.40049174427986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35283347964286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.34126707911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3312014937400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23683086037635803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tyragetia, Vol VII, Iss 2, Pp 325-328 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a030b769672140358c721900222e2349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tyragetia, Vol VII, Iss 2, Pp 325-328 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250720121","https://openalex.org/W4256555724","https://openalex.org/W1544375233","https://openalex.org/W2505853215","https://openalex.org/W7071832314","https://openalex.org/W2765945916","https://openalex.org/W4399960862","https://openalex.org/W1579407417","https://openalex.org/W4321639379","https://openalex.org/W4378604894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weapons":[0],"have":[1,112],"always":[2],"been":[3],"and":[4,18,30,60,72,95,103],"will":[5],"be":[6],"of":[7,13,21,32,36,42,68,77,98,118],"great":[8,116],"importance":[9],"in":[10,73,80],"the":[11,28,33,40,57,66,69,75,81,89,93,115,121],"history":[12,41],"mankind.":[14],"Almost":[15],"all":[16],"social":[17],"historical":[19],"development":[20,117],"human":[22],"civilization":[23],"is":[24,53],"intrinsically":[25],"linked":[26],"to":[27,91,109,114],"invention":[29],"improvement":[31,111],"various":[34],"models":[35],"weapons.":[37],"Focusing":[38],"on":[39],"firearms,":[43],"we":[44],"find":[45],"that":[46,56],"their":[47],"origin":[48],"remains":[49],"somewhat":[50],"obscure.":[51],"It":[52],"well":[54],"known":[55],"Chinese":[58],"invented":[59],"used":[61],"gunpowder":[62,78],"for":[63],"firearms":[64,99,119],"since":[65],"beginning":[67],"11th":[70],"century,":[71],"Europe":[74],"formula":[76],"spread":[79],"14th":[82],"century":[83],"through":[84],"Arab":[85],"mediation.":[86],"Over":[87],"time,":[88],"need":[90],"improve":[92],"technical":[94,110],"ballistic":[96],"characteristics":[97],"increased.":[100],"Inventions,":[101],"innovations,":[102],"more":[104],"or":[105],"less":[106],"successful":[107],"attempts":[108],"led":[113],"over":[120],"centuries.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T06:10:43.113611","created_date":"2022-08-13T00:00:00"}