{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290988263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","title":"Africa\u2019s Poverty and Famines: Developmental Projects of China on Africa","display_name":"Africa\u2019s Poverty and Famines: Developmental Projects of China on Africa","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290988263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","pdf_url":"https://pjh.wum.edu.pk/index.php/ojs/article/download/109/94","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237173","display_name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","issn_l":"2707-6709","issn":["2707-6709","2788-693X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126226","host_organization_name":"The Women University Multan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://pjh.wum.edu.pk/index.php/ojs/article/download/109/94","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Akhtar Gul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhtar Gul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043038471","display_name":"Muhammad Ghulam Shabeer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4919-5043","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4919-5043"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ghulam Shabeer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Management and Technology Lahore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Management and Technology Lahore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080729533","display_name":"Rija Ahmad Abbasi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rija Ahmad Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100828632","display_name":"Abdul Wahab Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Wahab Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91722269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"165","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14269","display_name":"Food Security and Socioeconomic Dynamics","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13949","display_name":"Belt and Road Initiative","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/famine","display_name":"famine","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-africa-relations","display_name":"China-Africa relations","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belt-and-road-initiative","display_name":"Belt and Road Initiative","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-projects","display_name":"developmental projects","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-famine","display_name":"history of famine","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-diversity","display_name":"linguistic diversity","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-door-policy","display_name":"open door policy","score":0.6119999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778589402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168247","display_name":"Famine","level":2,"score":0.8372669816017151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.7630824446678162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122302079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8432","display_name":"Civilization","level":2,"score":0.6661065816879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6479761600494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.5275404453277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4721778929233551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553381038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2714378","display_name":"Extreme poverty","level":3,"score":0.4438946843147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42770785093307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40423068404197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.35327810049057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.29949861764907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15412703156471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09340941905975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","pdf_url":"https://pjh.wum.edu.pk/index.php/ojs/article/download/109/94","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237173","display_name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","issn_l":"2707-6709","issn":["2707-6709","2788-693X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126226","host_organization_name":"The Women University Multan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.109","pdf_url":"https://pjh.wum.edu.pk/index.php/ojs/article/download/109/94","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237173","display_name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","issn_l":"2707-6709","issn":["2707-6709","2788-693X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126226","host_organization_name":"The Women University Multan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.800000011920929}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290988263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290988263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59763712","https://openalex.org/W61247640","https://openalex.org/W62931457","https://openalex.org/W171894423","https://openalex.org/W596526482","https://openalex.org/W610046108","https://openalex.org/W647589757","https://openalex.org/W1489738181","https://openalex.org/W1498552733","https://openalex.org/W1505059845","https://openalex.org/W1508496017","https://openalex.org/W1508865129","https://openalex.org/W1536873225","https://openalex.org/W1546962804","https://openalex.org/W1554930385","https://openalex.org/W1557931368","https://openalex.org/W1566643534","https://openalex.org/W1597682475","https://openalex.org/W1684868068","https://openalex.org/W1822981921","https://openalex.org/W1850363731","https://openalex.org/W1867131163","https://openalex.org/W1969347563","https://openalex.org/W1975520524","https://openalex.org/W1976292768","https://openalex.org/W1992406682","https://openalex.org/W1997636541","https://openalex.org/W1998036972","https://openalex.org/W2015223077","https://openalex.org/W2024851777","https://openalex.org/W2038868072","https://openalex.org/W2042674091","https://openalex.org/W2046438468","https://openalex.org/W2048342440","https://openalex.org/W2076985771","https://openalex.org/W2079846848","https://openalex.org/W2083675395","https://openalex.org/W2092593928","https://openalex.org/W2094480013","https://openalex.org/W2097569993","https://openalex.org/W2106606979","https://openalex.org/W2106615139","https://openalex.org/W2107576251","https://openalex.org/W2123909070","https://openalex.org/W2139958634","https://openalex.org/W2145098771","https://openalex.org/W2145488574","https://openalex.org/W2149463604","https://openalex.org/W2150515448","https://openalex.org/W2154662144","https://openalex.org/W2155374608","https://openalex.org/W2158160180","https://openalex.org/W2254904017","https://openalex.org/W2264351125","https://openalex.org/W2505489961","https://openalex.org/W2517320148","https://openalex.org/W2765725007","https://openalex.org/W2769360900","https://openalex.org/W2775023376","https://openalex.org/W2781422885","https://openalex.org/W2791395436","https://openalex.org/W2800401128","https://openalex.org/W2883462277","https://openalex.org/W2899269786","https://openalex.org/W2904785921","https://openalex.org/W2909071861","https://openalex.org/W2943598413","https://openalex.org/W2955346985","https://openalex.org/W2955480281","https://openalex.org/W2968528525","https://openalex.org/W2971800128","https://openalex.org/W2972198546","https://openalex.org/W2972762276","https://openalex.org/W2978447998","https://openalex.org/W2991222177","https://openalex.org/W2995446072","https://openalex.org/W2997556155","https://openalex.org/W2998934601","https://openalex.org/W2999766007","https://openalex.org/W3000648648","https://openalex.org/W3000667592","https://openalex.org/W3001069219","https://openalex.org/W3001318264","https://openalex.org/W3001318617","https://openalex.org/W3004779423","https://openalex.org/W3006961213","https://openalex.org/W3007085273","https://openalex.org/W3007411296","https://openalex.org/W3007477596","https://openalex.org/W3008552740","https://openalex.org/W3011409917","https://openalex.org/W3014468789","https://openalex.org/W3022159709","https://openalex.org/W3027519635","https://openalex.org/W3031072854","https://openalex.org/W3034882764","https://openalex.org/W3041722909","https://openalex.org/W3044136079","https://openalex.org/W3045475986","https://openalex.org/W3122018348","https://openalex.org/W3123568005","https://openalex.org/W3124135134","https://openalex.org/W3124269340","https://openalex.org/W3135091710","https://openalex.org/W3162849376","https://openalex.org/W3187910157","https://openalex.org/W4206740106","https://openalex.org/W4210308333","https://openalex.org/W4229945016","https://openalex.org/W4248432001","https://openalex.org/W4248703143","https://openalex.org/W4256083594","https://openalex.org/W4298331909","https://openalex.org/W4301168426","https://openalex.org/W4308788044","https://openalex.org/W4392886093","https://openalex.org/W6631981854","https://openalex.org/W6636752944","https://openalex.org/W6650015332","https://openalex.org/W6681219586","https://openalex.org/W7005329119","https://openalex.org/W7024041940","https://openalex.org/W7037018228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3164947122","https://openalex.org/W2231909686","https://openalex.org/W2734803491","https://openalex.org/W2264102711","https://openalex.org/W1994184153","https://openalex.org/W2056625195","https://openalex.org/W1560901088","https://openalex.org/W4243432049","https://openalex.org/W2224727114","https://openalex.org/W7021585476"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Poverty":[0,12],"exists":[1],"without":[2],"any":[3],"face;":[4],"it":[5],"is":[6,122,130,141,248],"a":[7,35,131],"multifaceted":[8],"and":[9,13,19,28,87,133,154,164,166,187,223,230,268],"complex":[10,132],"phenomenon.":[11],"famines":[14,55,69,82],"existed":[15,23],"before":[16],"human":[17,42],"civilization":[18,29],"culture.":[20],"Human":[21],"culture":[22],"0.07":[24],"million":[25,90,113,225],"years":[26,32,180],"ago,":[27],"began":[30],"6000":[31],"ago.":[33],"In":[34,169],"modern":[36],"civilized":[37],"society,":[38],"\u2018first":[39],"famine":[40,176],"in":[41,45,57,182,209,219,243,250],"history":[43],"occurred":[44,56,208],"1708":[46,49],"B.C.":[47],"From":[48,196],"BC":[50],"to":[51,72,85,95,116,198],"1878":[52],"AD,":[53],"350":[54],"various":[58],"spheres":[59],"of":[60,136,147,172,206,233],"the":[61,73,106,124,137,144,148,170,174,193,220,240],"world.":[62,138],"The":[63,75,228],"Encyclopedia":[64],"Britannica":[65],"listed":[66],"31":[67],"main":[68],"from":[70,83],"prehistoric":[71],"1960s.":[74],"sub-continent":[76],"has":[77],"also":[78],"faced":[79,201],"eleven":[80],"severe":[81],"1769-70":[84],"1943,":[86],"about":[88],"40.9":[89],"people":[91,103,114,226],"have":[92],"died":[93],"due":[94,115],"these":[96],"famines.":[97],"Similarly,":[98],"more":[99],"than":[100],"2":[101],"billion":[102],"live":[104],"below":[105],"poverty":[107],"line.":[108],"Besides,":[109],"China":[110,234],"left":[111],"800":[112],"\u2018Open":[117],"Door":[118],"Policy\u2019.":[119],"Now":[120],"she":[121],"changing":[123],"world's":[125],"shape":[126],"through":[127],"BRI.":[128],"Africa":[129,140],"perplexing":[134],"region":[135],"Because,":[139],"facing":[142],"all":[143],"root":[145],"problems":[146],"world,":[149],"i.e.,":[150],"poverty,":[151],"massive":[152],"unemployment":[153],"income":[155],"inequality,":[156],"mono-culture":[157],"political":[158],"economy,":[159],"border":[160],"disputes,":[161],"intra-state":[162],"wars,":[163,204],"ethnic":[165],"lingual":[167],"clashes.":[168],"land":[171],"Africa,":[173,251],"first":[175],"was":[177],"recorded":[178],"2273":[179],"ago":[181],"Ethiopia\u2019.":[183],"About":[184],"2,582":[185],"languages[i]":[186],"1,382":[188],"dialects":[189],"are":[190],"found":[191],"on":[192,239],"African":[194,241],"continent.":[195],"1945":[197],"1999,":[199],"humanity":[200],"25":[202],"interstate":[203],"most":[205],"which":[207,247],"Africa.":[210],"Therefore,":[211],"127":[212],"civil":[213],"wars":[214],"happened":[215],"among":[216],"73":[217],"states":[218],"same":[221],"era,":[222],"16.2":[224],"died.":[227],"Export":[229],"Import":[231],"Bank":[232],"will":[235],"spend":[236],"1US$":[237],"trillion":[238],"continent":[242],"2025.":[244],"[i]":[245],"Language":[246],"speaking":[249],"Arabic":[252],"(170":[253],"million)":[254],"English":[255],"(130":[256],"million),":[257],"Swahili":[258],"(100),":[259],"French":[260],"(115),":[261],"Berber":[262],"(50),":[263,265],"Hausa":[264],"Portuguese":[266],"(20)":[267],"Spanish":[269],"(10)":[270],"(Spolsky,":[271],"2018)":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-08-13T00:00:00"}