{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290960195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","title":"Distracted worker: Using pupil size and blink rate to detect cognitive load during manufacturing tasks","display_name":"Distracted worker: Using pupil size and blink rate to detect cognitive load during manufacturing tasks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290960195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35970108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94432539","display_name":"Applied Ergonomics","issn_l":"0003-6870","issn":["0003-6870","1872-9126"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ergonomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687022001909/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576297","display_name":"Francesco N. Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-4707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-4707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco N. Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada. Electronic address: francesco.biondi@uwindsor.ca"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-4707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada. Electronic address: francesco.biondi@uwindsor.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052501099","display_name":"Babak Saberi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babak Saberi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037965424","display_name":"Frida Graf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-9465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-9465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105379","display_name":"Atlas Copco (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/01dy84y11","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105379"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frida Graf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atlas Copco AB, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atlas Copco AB, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007030773","display_name":"Joel A. Cort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-9882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-9882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Cort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Occupational Simulation and Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Occupational Simulation and Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028491816","display_name":"Prarthana Pillai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-3784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-3784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prarthana Pillai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101751073","display_name":"Balakumar Balasingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-7585","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-7585"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balakumar Balasingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081576297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.8899,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99436223,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"106","issue":null,"first_page":"103867","last_page":"103867"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8901000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8901000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.06679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"cognitive load","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil-size","display_name":"pupil size","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blink-rate","display_name":"blink rate","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-back-task","display_name":"n-back task","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-manufacturing","display_name":"automotive manufacturing","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assembly-tasks","display_name":"assembly tasks","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-ergonomics","display_name":"workplace ergonomics","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-completion-time","display_name":"task completion time","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-demand","display_name":"mental demand","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-demand","display_name":"temporal demand","score":0.8009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.7876273393630981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7000031471252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6786506175994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019054092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupil size","level":3,"score":0.6432568430900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.517864465713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5016670227050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48151692748069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.46614187955856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4139476716518402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4092772901058197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.37964946031570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34029632806777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.27192240953445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21568837761878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20739337801933289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94432539","display_name":"Applied Ergonomics","issn_l":"0003-6870","issn":["0003-6870","1872-9126"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ergonomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35970108","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35970108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied ergonomics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:computersciencepub-1090","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687022001909/pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:computersciencepub-1090","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687022001909/pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13098582","https://openalex.org/W851354987","https://openalex.org/W1124770154","https://openalex.org/W1637880540","https://openalex.org/W1925984292","https://openalex.org/W1971612568","https://openalex.org/W1974975426","https://openalex.org/W1976105143","https://openalex.org/W1976205719","https://openalex.org/W1980417531","https://openalex.org/W1982281216","https://openalex.org/W1999009007","https://openalex.org/W2032648383","https://openalex.org/W2072704028","https://openalex.org/W2096542002","https://openalex.org/W2101399155","https://openalex.org/W2139064696","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2162594179","https://openalex.org/W2164239387","https://openalex.org/W2186851868","https://openalex.org/W2188545158","https://openalex.org/W2537200477","https://openalex.org/W2560871386","https://openalex.org/W2569897526","https://openalex.org/W2803320312","https://openalex.org/W2804490918","https://openalex.org/W2810315531","https://openalex.org/W2826715318","https://openalex.org/W2907907102","https://openalex.org/W2912065207","https://openalex.org/W2914569818","https://openalex.org/W2915317031","https://openalex.org/W2943426012","https://openalex.org/W2949258540","https://openalex.org/W2994736397","https://openalex.org/W3005298575","https://openalex.org/W3014193006","https://openalex.org/W3016136079","https://openalex.org/W3035451864","https://openalex.org/W3036348926","https://openalex.org/W3043776629","https://openalex.org/W3126218382","https://openalex.org/W3135467891","https://openalex.org/W3170316460","https://openalex.org/W3200643346","https://openalex.org/W4200389689","https://openalex.org/W4229581838","https://openalex.org/W6604758599","https://openalex.org/W6686938226"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7222012878","https://openalex.org/W4406805564","https://openalex.org/W7038836955","https://openalex.org/W3165233922","https://openalex.org/W2503845984","https://openalex.org/W4412418500","https://openalex.org/W2765706707","https://openalex.org/W3160025316","https://openalex.org/W7141350120","https://openalex.org/W1976105143"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2022-08-13T00:00:00"}