{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290692144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618838","title":"Development and characterization of a tabletop fog chamber at Sandia National Laboratories","display_name":"Development and characterization of a tabletop fog chamber at Sandia National Laboratories","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290692144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2618838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618838","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (XR) Technology for Multi-Domain Operations III","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2002159","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058868337","display_name":"Christian Pattyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2224-2445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2224-2445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian A. Pattyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070185560","display_name":"John P. Zenker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John P. Zenker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045354177","display_name":"Elihu Deneke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-2916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-2916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elihu Deneke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064424320","display_name":"Lekha Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-0672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-0672"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lekha Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032093490","display_name":"Brian J. Redman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian J. Redman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039830809","display_name":"John VanderLaan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John VanderLaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009868401","display_name":"Ryan L. Hastings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9597-7807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9597-7807"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Hastings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Alexander","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083699462","display_name":"Kevin John Webb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5834-1631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5834-1631"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Webb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084143166","display_name":"Andrew G. Glen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-8234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-8234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Glen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108817611","display_name":"Andres L. Sanchez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andres L. Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055341728","display_name":"Karl R. Westlake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7426-5570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7426-5570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl Westlake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089405489","display_name":"Brian Bentz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1911-0018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1911-0018"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Z. Bentz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048606508","display_name":"Jeremy B. Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-930X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-930X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy B. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1903,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93072415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.6601999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.6601999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.13539999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog-chamber","display_name":"fog chamber","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog","display_name":"fog","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degraded-visual-environments","display_name":"degraded visual environments","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-transmission","display_name":"optical transmission","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-size-distribution","display_name":"droplet size distribution","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-scattering","display_name":"multiple scattering","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-imaging-systems","display_name":"optical imaging systems","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5211917757987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.502537727355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4682672321796417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4461991786956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.41423895955085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37533074617385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3688105642795563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3436688780784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.28531479835510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23500537872314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15398558974266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08983814716339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07846316695213318}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2618838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618838","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (XR) Technology for Multi-Domain Operations III","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2002159","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2002159","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2002159","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2002159","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2002159","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2002159","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G11630931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DENA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G138837881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1859920734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2214935549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G413247060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010NA,0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903105778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5339743583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G70797072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G855168022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DENA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316895","display_name":"Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290692144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290692144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2619370450","https://openalex.org/W2807940753","https://openalex.org/W2803162244","https://openalex.org/W3020639545","https://openalex.org/W4297894915","https://openalex.org/W2055871470","https://openalex.org/W4388349461","https://openalex.org/W7024904673","https://openalex.org/W284306651","https://openalex.org/W3141950246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atmospheric":[0],"fog":[1,39,46],"is":[2],"a":[3,38,44,75],"common":[4,62],"degraded":[5],"visual":[6],"environment":[7],"(DVE)":[8],"that":[9],"reduces":[10],"sensing":[11],"and":[12,15,70],"imaging":[13,35],"range":[14],"resolution":[16],"in":[17,37,74],"complex":[18],"ways":[19],"not":[20],"fully":[21],"encapsulated":[22],"by":[23],"traditional":[24],"metrics.":[25],"As":[26],"such,":[27],"better":[28],"physical":[29],"models":[30],"are":[31],"required":[32],"to":[33],"describe":[34],"systems":[36,59],"environment.":[40],"We":[41,64],"have":[42],"developed":[43],"tabletop":[45],"chamber":[47],"capable":[48],"of":[49,57,67],"creating":[50],"repeatable":[51],"fog-like":[52],"environments":[53],"for":[54],"controlled":[55],"experimentation":[56],"optical":[58],"within":[60],"this":[61,80],"DVE.":[63],"present":[65],"measurement":[66],"transmission":[68],"coefficients":[69],"droplet":[71],"size":[72],"distribution":[73],"multiple":[76],"scattering":[77],"regime":[78],"using":[79],"chamber.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-08-09T00:00:00"}