{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290616016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","title":"Are ape gestures like words? Outstanding issues in detecting similarities and differences between human language and ape gesture","display_name":"Are ape gestures like words? Outstanding issues in detecting similarities and differences between human language and ape gesture","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290616016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35934962","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9358316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91660768","display_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0962-8436","issn":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042243658","display_name":"Catherine Hobaiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-0524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-0524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Hobaiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience , ,","St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK , ,","University of St Andrews , ,","Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-0524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience , ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK , ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Andrews , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040104256","display_name":"Kirsty E. Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7422-7676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7422-7676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirsty E. Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience , ,","St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK , ,","University of St Andrews , ,","Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7422-7676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience , ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK , ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Andrews , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005167642","display_name":"Richard W. Byrne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-9373","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-9373"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard W. Byrne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience , ,","St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK , ,","University of St Andrews , ,","Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-9373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience , ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK , ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Andrews , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origins of Mind Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042243658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85574413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"377","issue":"1860","first_page":"20210301","last_page":"20210301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.030500000342726707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-language","display_name":"human language","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intentionality","display_name":"intentionality","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wild-chimpanzees","display_name":"wild chimpanzees","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primate-communication","display_name":"primate communication","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-evolution","display_name":"language evolution","score":0.3240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.9529625177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.5476632118225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.45868659019470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3765125572681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3404083251953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.330008864402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06997215747833252}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000819","descriptor_name":"Animal Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002679","descriptor_name":"Pan troglodytes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005868","descriptor_name":"Gestures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011323","descriptor_name":"Primates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91660768","display_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0962-8436","issn":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9358316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9358316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35934962","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35934962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/25796","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023/25796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400230","display_name":"St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","host_organization_name":"University of St Andrews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91660768","display_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0962-8436","issn":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5899999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6392574471","display_name":"Gestural Origins: Linguistic Features of pan-African Ape Communication","funder_award_id":"802719","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":117,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133950488","https://openalex.org/W181714423","https://openalex.org/W1572022575","https://openalex.org/W1594250287","https://openalex.org/W1617132790","https://openalex.org/W1655861402","https://openalex.org/W1784068951","https://openalex.org/W1825111345","https://openalex.org/W1965515953","https://openalex.org/W1965545496","https://openalex.org/W1982547435","https://openalex.org/W1985567945","https://openalex.org/W1989297989","https://openalex.org/W1997507112","https://openalex.org/W1999838047","https://openalex.org/W2001431842","https://openalex.org/W2007237730","https://openalex.org/W2009375902","https://openalex.org/W2010271871","https://openalex.org/W2015394094","https://openalex.org/W2015684305","https://openalex.org/W2025064497","https://openalex.org/W2025905101","https://openalex.org/W2026350190","https://openalex.org/W2032039293","https://openalex.org/W2033953428","https://openalex.org/W2035715116","https://openalex.org/W2036100805","https://openalex.org/W2038087449","https://openalex.org/W2046121397","https://openalex.org/W2049984897","https://openalex.org/W2058642338","https://openalex.org/W2060803106","https://openalex.org/W2072237834","https://openalex.org/W2075219371","https://openalex.org/W2076612587","https://openalex.org/W2079153200","https://openalex.org/W2083909875","https://openalex.org/W2086560416","https://openalex.org/W2089380151","https://openalex.org/W2091717417","https://openalex.org/W2093350331","https://openalex.org/W2094990862","https://openalex.org/W2098586765","https://openalex.org/W2099092979","https://openalex.org/W2102320534","https://openalex.org/W2102451068","https://openalex.org/W2102807542","https://openalex.org/W2103956634","https://openalex.org/W2104396257","https://openalex.org/W2105056174","https://openalex.org/W2108285632","https://openalex.org/W2110684749","https://openalex.org/W2115994290","https://openalex.org/W2120801881","https://openalex.org/W2122810572","https://openalex.org/W2124576092","https://openalex.org/W2125043799","https://openalex.org/W2125510453","https://openalex.org/W2131019261","https://openalex.org/W2136308132","https://openalex.org/W2138143941","https://openalex.org/W2141538250","https://openalex.org/W2142421361","https://openalex.org/W2142489760","https://openalex.org/W2145892439","https://openalex.org/W2156723425","https://openalex.org/W2157329006","https://openalex.org/W2159230047","https://openalex.org/W2159232576","https://openalex.org/W2200989837","https://openalex.org/W2224326415","https://openalex.org/W2268472149","https://openalex.org/W2319109640","https://openalex.org/W2408273347","https://openalex.org/W2408380046","https://openalex.org/W2417006499","https://openalex.org/W2478199896","https://openalex.org/W2520361162","https://openalex.org/W2521480434","https://openalex.org/W2528778242","https://openalex.org/W2529472686","https://openalex.org/W2534635800","https://openalex.org/W2549976854","https://openalex.org/W2557524469","https://openalex.org/W2559756111","https://openalex.org/W2579961912","https://openalex.org/W2613766689","https://openalex.org/W2617220047","https://openalex.org/W2733985657","https://openalex.org/W2741909578","https://openalex.org/W2744404931","https://openalex.org/W2765185227","https://openalex.org/W2788528044","https://openalex.org/W2800579377","https://openalex.org/W2807299216","https://openalex.org/W2886550980","https://openalex.org/W2889875152","https://openalex.org/W2890510038","https://openalex.org/W2901211743","https://openalex.org/W2953654692","https://openalex.org/W2955967395","https://openalex.org/W2995484192","https://openalex.org/W3022806975","https://openalex.org/W3037759393","https://openalex.org/W3081952752","https://openalex.org/W3184186492","https://openalex.org/W3193064398","https://openalex.org/W3204742107","https://openalex.org/W3214196929","https://openalex.org/W4200487512","https://openalex.org/W4210274018","https://openalex.org/W4214918160","https://openalex.org/W4233893710","https://openalex.org/W4252635675","https://openalex.org/W4290613760","https://openalex.org/W4308652029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058642338","https://openalex.org/W2613766689","https://openalex.org/W6906667331","https://openalex.org/W749889448","https://openalex.org/W2091717417","https://openalex.org/W4392159481","https://openalex.org/W2377958229","https://openalex.org/W7100282610","https://openalex.org/W2473026536","https://openalex.org/W1983398426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Opinion":[0],"piece:":[1],"ape":[2],"gestures":[3,17,41,115],"are":[4,15,42,101,109],"made":[5],"intentionally,":[6],"inviting":[7],"parallels":[8],"with":[9,62],"human":[10,63],"language;":[11],"but":[12,84,108],"how":[13,85],"similar":[14],"their":[16],"to":[18,44,97],"words?":[19],"Here":[20],"we":[21,87,122],"ask":[22],"this":[23,117,120],"in":[24,37,54,104,111,130,154],"three":[25],"ways,":[26],"considering:":[27],"flexibility":[28],"and":[29,32,35,65,126,151],"ambiguity,":[30],"first-":[31],"second-order":[33,93],"intentionality,":[34],"usage":[36],"interactive":[38],"exchanges.":[39],"Many":[40],"used":[43,103],"achieve":[45],"several,":[46],"often":[47],"very":[48],"distinct,":[49],"goals.":[50],"Such":[51],"apparent":[52],"ambiguity":[53],"meaning":[55],"is":[56,82,143],"potentially":[57],"disruptive":[58],"for":[59,76,91],"communication,":[60],"but-as":[61],"language-situational":[64],"interpersonal":[66],"context":[67],"may":[68],"largely":[69],"resolve":[70],"the":[71,92,146],"intended":[72],"meaning.":[73],"Our":[74],"evidence":[75],"first-order":[77],"intentional":[78,94],"use":[79,95],"of":[80,145],"gesture":[81],"abundant,":[83],"might":[86],"establish":[88],"a":[89],"case":[90],"critical":[96],"language?":[98],"Finally,":[99],"words":[100],"rarely":[102],"tidy":[105],"signal-response":[106],"sequences":[107],"exchanged":[110],"back-and-forth":[112],"interaction.":[113],"Do":[114],"share":[116],"property?":[118],"In":[119],"paper,":[121],"examine":[123],"these":[124],"questions":[125],"set":[127],"out":[128],"ways":[129],"which":[131],"they":[132],"can":[133],"be":[134],"resolved,":[135],"incorporating":[136],"data":[137],"from":[138],"wild":[139],"chimpanzees.":[140],"This":[141],"article":[142],"part":[144],"theme":[147],"issue":[148],"'Cognition,":[149],"communication":[150],"social":[152],"bonds":[153],"primates'.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-08-08T00:00:00"}