{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289528338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","title":"Urea: A Low-cost Disinfectant for Prolonged Activity in Combating Spread of COVID-19","display_name":"Urea: A Low-cost Disinfectant for Prolonged Activity in Combating Spread of COVID-19","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289528338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207505","display_name":"ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY","issn_l":"2581-3226","issn":["2581-3226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Scientific Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000641903","display_name":"Vishal Paul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishal Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012288474","display_name":"P. S. Chandrashekharaiah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrashekharaiah PS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009448360","display_name":"Rajesh Nandru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-986X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-986X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Nandru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shyam Prasad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyam Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081619985","display_name":"Santosh Kodgire","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santosh Kodgire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040314285","display_name":"Shivbachan Kushwaha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivbachan Kushwaha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109528201","display_name":"Debanjan Sanyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6706-5242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6706-5242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debanjan Sanyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","Research and Development , Reliance Industries Ltd , Gagva , Jamnagar , Gujarat , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Jamnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Development , Reliance Industries Ltd , Gagva , Jamnagar , Gujarat , India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102012230","display_name":"Santanu Dasgupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0250-5593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0250-5593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136064","display_name":"Reliance Industries (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j6cfb03","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santanu Dasgupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reliance Industries Ltd, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reliance Industries Ltd, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136064"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"05","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.49729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.49729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12526","display_name":"Antimicrobial agents and applications","score":0.4027999937534332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.05719999969005585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urea","display_name":"urea","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinfectants","display_name":"disinfectants","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-activity","display_name":"antiviral activity","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocidal-properties","display_name":"biocidal properties","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-denaturation","display_name":"protein denaturation","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-denaturation","display_name":"RNA denaturation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinfectant-stability","display_name":"disinfectant stability","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-disinfection","display_name":"surface disinfection","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commodity-chemicals","display_name":"commodity chemicals","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73984","display_name":"Disinfectant","level":2,"score":0.8813091516494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8649464845657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6618396043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.655829131603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.4387114644050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34470513463020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.32554423809051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3148772418498993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1371689736843109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.08610332012176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.06597566604614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0607854425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.05971631407737732}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207505","display_name":"ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY","issn_l":"2581-3226","issn":["2581-3226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Scientific Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207505","display_name":"ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY","issn_l":"2581-3226","issn":["2581-3226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Scientific Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289528338.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289528338.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156682280","https://openalex.org/W1465079085","https://openalex.org/W1520968761","https://openalex.org/W1530588685","https://openalex.org/W1811783050","https://openalex.org/W1843578997","https://openalex.org/W1965620425","https://openalex.org/W1968196463","https://openalex.org/W1974479059","https://openalex.org/W1982033514","https://openalex.org/W1982709972","https://openalex.org/W1992920740","https://openalex.org/W1993204000","https://openalex.org/W1997723318","https://openalex.org/W2001195095","https://openalex.org/W2034737333","https://openalex.org/W2059343862","https://openalex.org/W2075699213","https://openalex.org/W2092107543","https://openalex.org/W2100434200","https://openalex.org/W2106043217","https://openalex.org/W2123927481","https://openalex.org/W2125823338","https://openalex.org/W2143277207","https://openalex.org/W2153465289","https://openalex.org/W2184700117","https://openalex.org/W2265365972","https://openalex.org/W2318662055","https://openalex.org/W2470695641","https://openalex.org/W2586202984","https://openalex.org/W2898755269","https://openalex.org/W3004239190","https://openalex.org/W3012320055","https://openalex.org/W3196188566","https://openalex.org/W4323772766"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3044009473","https://openalex.org/W3155971873","https://openalex.org/W3032902149","https://openalex.org/W7048844609","https://openalex.org/W3132724718","https://openalex.org/W4394338647","https://openalex.org/W6990505100","https://openalex.org/W3035538612","https://openalex.org/W4377042778","https://openalex.org/W3139123155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Disinfection":[0],"is":[1,114,127,156],"a":[2,7,23,40,82,88,115,195,204],"primary":[3],"means":[4],"to":[5,55,58,78,109,138,158,209,219],"control":[6,231],"spread":[8,62],"of":[9,43,63,65,74,90,119,129,146,188,217,232],"any":[10],"disease":[11],"caused":[12],"by":[13],"infectious":[14],"microorganisms.The":[15],"never":[16],"seen":[17],"before":[18],"COVID-19":[19,28,200],"pandemic":[20],"has":[21,134,150],"created":[22],"havoc":[24],"in":[25,93],"public":[26,66],"health.The":[27],"virus":[29],"which":[30,96,123,133],"persists":[31],"on":[32,100,160],"human":[33,161],"body":[34],"parts":[35],"and":[36,46,68,76,102,141,163,169,176,214],"environment":[37,70],"acts":[38],"as":[39,221],"new":[41],"source":[42],"infection.The":[44],"personal":[45,226],"environmental":[47],"sanitization":[48],"along":[49],"with":[50],"other":[51],"social":[52],"measures":[53],"needs":[54],"be":[56,194],"practised":[57],"prevent":[59],"the":[60,94,130,147,211],"rapid":[61],"COVID-19.Disinfection":[64],"places":[67],"open":[69],"requires":[71],"large":[72],"quantity":[73],"disinfectants":[75,91],"due":[77,137],"this":[79,202],"it":[80,149,192],"remains":[81],"costly":[83],"approach.Already,":[84],"there":[85,113],"have":[86,105,124],"been":[87,151],"plenty":[89],"available":[92],"market":[95],"are":[97],"mostly":[98],"based":[99],"alcohols":[101],"phenols":[103],"but":[104],"limited":[106],"applications":[107],"owing":[108],"their":[110],"higher":[111],"costs.Hence,":[112],"need":[116],"for":[117,183,199,230],"identification":[118],"bulk":[120],"commodity":[121,131],"chemicals":[122,132],"biocidal":[125,135],"properties.Urea":[126],"one":[128],"property":[136],"its":[139],"protein":[140],"RNA":[142],"denaturation":[143],"ability.In":[144],"most":[145],"literature":[148],"mentioned":[152],"that":[153],"7-8%":[154],"urea":[155,179,218],"safe":[157],"use":[159,220],"skin":[162],"found":[164,181],"effective":[165],"against":[166],"many":[167],"enveloped":[168],"non-enveloped":[170],"viruses.Also,":[171],"at":[172],"50-60":[173],"\u00b0C":[174],"temperature":[175],"pH":[177],"3-9,":[178],"was":[180,207],"stable":[182],"more":[184],"than":[185],"2":[186],"months.Because":[187],"all":[189],"these":[190],"properties":[191,216],"can":[193],"potential":[196],"low-cost":[197],"disinfectant":[198,228],"control.In":[201],"review,":[203],"systematic":[205],"study":[206],"done":[208],"assess":[210],"antiviral,":[212],"stability,":[213],"compatibility":[215],"an":[222],"ideal":[223],"surface":[224],"or":[225],"care":[227],"agent":[229],"COVID-19.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-08-03T00:00:00"}