{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288043503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.10858","title":"Two-Stage Fine-Tuning: A Novel Strategy for Learning Class-Imbalanced Data","display_name":"Two-Stage Fine-Tuning: A Novel Strategy for Learning Class-Imbalanced Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288043503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.10858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.10858","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.10858","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10858","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018239621","display_name":"Taha ValizadehAslani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-8469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-8469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ValizadehAslani, Taha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , College of Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , College of Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103279601","display_name":"Yiwen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-9551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-9551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Yiwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics , Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics , Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang, Jing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333606569","display_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00yf3tm42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100715175","display_name":"Ping Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-9958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-9958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333606569","display_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00yf3tm42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Yi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333606569","display_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00yf3tm42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695232","display_name":"Meng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-1355","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-1355"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048756500","display_name":"Liang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-9989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-9989","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-7896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333606569","display_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00yf3tm42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Research and Standards , Office of Generic Drugs , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036766367","display_name":"Hualou Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-1837","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-1837"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Hualou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems , Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems , Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.7041000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.7041000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.2517000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-stage-fine-tuning","display_name":"two-stage fine-tuning","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-tailed-recognition","display_name":"long-tailed classification","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-classification","display_name":"text classification","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"multi-class classification","score":0.41499999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157524613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2828883","display_name":"Fine-tuning","level":2,"score":0.8180205821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7504211664199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5815834403038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5784218907356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.543880045413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4885900616645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4884602129459381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.10858","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.10858","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.10858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.10858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.10858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.10858","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.10858","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.47999998927116394}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2816062445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"75F40119C10106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332163","funder_display_name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310343","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332163","display_name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W4385572141","https://openalex.org/W4281997472","https://openalex.org/W2795079307","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4390306690","https://openalex.org/W2793058541","https://openalex.org/W1983629434","https://openalex.org/W3046366884","https://openalex.org/W2354233396"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classification":[0],"on":[1,18,33,157,206],"long-tailed":[2],"distributed":[3],"data":[4],"is":[5,37],"a":[6,23,45,49,57,71,108,147,172,203],"challenging":[7,39],"problem,":[8],"which":[9],"suffers":[10],"from":[11,144],"serious":[12],"class-imbalance":[13],"and":[14,88,134,163,181,200],"hence":[15],"poor":[16],"performance":[17],"tail":[19,35,142],"classes":[20,36,143],"with":[21,65,84,197,202],"only":[22,106],"few":[24],"samples.":[25],"Owing":[26],"to":[27,48,63,125,175],"this":[28,53],"paucity":[29],"of":[30,60,80,111,130,141,160,166],"samples,":[31],"learning":[32,140],"the":[34,41,77,81,92,112,117,123,131,139,150,190,207],"especially":[38],"for":[40],"fine-tuning":[42,62,107,193,196,201],"when":[43],"transferring":[44],"pretrained":[46,82,103],"model":[47,83,113,124,151],"downstream":[50],"task.":[51],"In":[52],"work,":[54],"we":[55,69,74,90],"present":[56],"simple":[58],"modification":[59,96],"standard":[61,93],"cope":[64],"these":[66],"challenges.":[67],"Specifically,":[68],"propose":[70],"two-stage":[72,192],"fine-tuning:":[73],"first":[75],"fine-tune":[76],"final":[78],"layer":[79],"class-balanced":[85],"reweighting":[86,204],"loss,":[87],"then":[89],"perform":[91],"fine-tuning.":[94],"Our":[95],"has":[97],"several":[98],"benefits:":[99],"(1)":[100],"it":[101,121,137],"leverages":[102],"representations":[104],"by":[105],"small":[109],"portion":[110],"parameters":[114],"while":[115],"keeping":[116],"rest":[118],"untouched;":[119],"(2)":[120],"allows":[122],"learn":[126],"an":[127],"initial":[128],"representation":[129],"specific":[132],"task;":[133],"importantly":[135],"(3)":[136],"protects":[138],"being":[145],"at":[146],"disadvantage":[148],"during":[149],"updating.":[152],"We":[153],"conduct":[154],"extensive":[155],"experiments":[156],"synthetic":[158],"datasets":[159],"both":[161,195],"two-class":[162],"multi-class":[164],"tasks":[165],"text":[167],"classification":[168],"as":[169,171],"well":[170],"real-world":[173],"application":[174],"ADME":[176],"(i.e.,":[177],"absorption,":[178],"distribution,":[179],"metabolism,":[180],"excretion)":[182],"semantic":[183],"labeling.":[184],"The":[185],"experimental":[186],"results":[187],"show":[188],"that":[189],"proposed":[191],"outperforms":[194],"conventional":[198],"loss":[199,205],"above":[208],"datasets.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
