{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287730288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","title":"An evolutionary optimization algorithm for proton arc therapy","display_name":"An evolutionary optimization algorithm for proton arc therapy","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287730288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35878608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078388333","display_name":"Lewei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-3184","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-3184"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799370151","display_name":"Beaumont Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2hd893","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151","https://openalex.org/I4392738273"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lewei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-3184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gang Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799370151","display_name":"Beaumont Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2hd893","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151","https://openalex.org/I4392738273"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129222","display_name":"Wuhan Union Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0371fqr87","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129222"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","Huazhong University of Science and Technology","Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China","Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129222","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339643","display_name":"Xiaoqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-8298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-8298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799370151","display_name":"Beaumont Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2hd893","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151","https://openalex.org/I4392738273"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068845250","display_name":"Xuanfeng Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-6278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-6278"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799370151","display_name":"Beaumont Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2hd893","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151","https://openalex.org/I4392738273"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanfeng Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799370151"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2930},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91856146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"16","first_page":"16NT01","last_page":"16NT01"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.06480000168085098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-arc-therapy","display_name":"proton arc therapy","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy-treatment-planning","display_name":"proton therapy treatment planning","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-delivery-time","display_name":"beam delivery time","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithms","display_name":"evolutionary algorithms","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan-quality","display_name":"plan quality","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-cancer","display_name":"brain cancer","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"lung cancer","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-cancer","display_name":"liver cancer","score":0.8539999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6642300486564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5847251415252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5586430430412292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5186578631401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5034028887748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47094643115997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12148698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q364651","display_name":"Test plan","level":3,"score":0.42241528630256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201645570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830637","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","level":3,"score":0.42035675048828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36482489109039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3220231831073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19654110074043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14195042848587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10670095682144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10418090224266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10416144132614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.10351341962814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173291955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732332","display_name":"Weibull distribution","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011522","descriptor_name":"Protons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011879","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050397","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061766","descriptor_name":"Proton Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine & Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35878608","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35878608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in medicine and biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496765098","https://openalex.org/W1979314332","https://openalex.org/W1980956836","https://openalex.org/W1996278026","https://openalex.org/W2054860593","https://openalex.org/W2071962819","https://openalex.org/W2084851290","https://openalex.org/W2136386226","https://openalex.org/W2284035059","https://openalex.org/W2516454733","https://openalex.org/W2604380817","https://openalex.org/W2616226761","https://openalex.org/W2752885080","https://openalex.org/W2754632535","https://openalex.org/W2790425179","https://openalex.org/W2886697509","https://openalex.org/W2901661235","https://openalex.org/W2901716239","https://openalex.org/W2946000200","https://openalex.org/W3006403570","https://openalex.org/W3007121631","https://openalex.org/W3020585766","https://openalex.org/W3027372991","https://openalex.org/W3041943381","https://openalex.org/W3178514503","https://openalex.org/W3209107125","https://openalex.org/W4213152101","https://openalex.org/W4213359570","https://openalex.org/W4229058742","https://openalex.org/W4280521662","https://openalex.org/W6809180231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406716867","https://openalex.org/W7214365333","https://openalex.org/W4389274852","https://openalex.org/W4213152101","https://openalex.org/W4391846293","https://openalex.org/W4414413132","https://openalex.org/W2471934920","https://openalex.org/W4309918465","https://openalex.org/W4391713918","https://openalex.org/W3027372991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective":[1],".":[2,76,184,251],"Proton":[3],"arc":[4,192,257],"plan":[5,41,51,71,82,193,202,228,242,263,306],"normally":[6],"contains":[7],"thousands":[8],"of":[9,14,118,153,248,275],"spot":[10,31,66,106,111,130,245],"numbers":[11],"and":[12,73,87,122,137,143,174,210,223,293,305],"hundreds":[13],"energy":[15],"layers.":[16],"A":[17,97,151],"recent":[18],"study":[19],"reported":[20],"that":[21,240],"the":[22,30,64,105,109,115,169,207,214,232,241,254,266,272,282,300,303],"beam":[23],"delivery":[24,45,234],"time":[25,235],"(BDT)":[26],"is":[27,35,92,253],"proportional":[28],"to":[29,37,60,69,101,108,127,158,260,298],"numbers.":[32],"Thus,":[33,53],"it":[34],"critical":[36],"find":[38],"an":[39,269],"optimal":[40,65,205],"with":[42,265],"a":[43,49,56,81,85,88,129,190,290,295],"fast":[44],"speed":[46],"while":[47],"maintaining":[48],"good":[50],"quality.":[52,307],"we":[54],"developed":[55],"novel":[57],"evolutionary":[58,186],"algorithm":[59,187],"directly":[61,261],"search":[62],"for":[63,148,271,284],"sparsity":[67,131],"solution":[68],"balance":[70],"quality":[72,83,203,229,264],"BDT.":[74,119],"Approach":[75],"The":[77,90,120,166,185,201,227],"planning":[78,258,296],"platform":[79,297],"included":[80],"objective,":[84],"generator,":[86],"selector.":[89],"generator":[91,121],"based":[93,113,194],"on":[94,114,195],"trust-region-reflective":[95],"solver.":[96],"selector":[98,123],"was":[99,176,216],"designed":[100],"filter":[102],"or":[103,246],"add":[104],"according":[107],"expected":[110],"number,":[112],"user\u2019s":[116],"input":[117,198,233,270],"are":[124],"used":[125,147,162],"alternatively":[126],"optimize":[128,189,262],"solution.":[132],"Three":[133],"clinical":[134,196],"cases\u2019":[135],"CT":[136],"structure":[138],"datasets,":[139],"e.g.":[140],"brain,":[141,208],"lung,":[142,209],"liver":[144,211],"cancer,":[145],"were":[146,161],"testing":[149],"purposes.":[150],"series":[152],"user-defined":[154],"BDTs":[155],"from":[156],"15":[157],"250":[159],"s":[160,222],"as":[163,231,268],"direct":[164],"inputs.":[165],"relationship":[167],"between":[168,302],"plan\u2019s":[170],"cost":[171],"function":[172],"value":[173],"BDT":[175,199,215,267,304],"evaluated":[177],"in":[178,206,289],"these":[179],"three":[180],"cases.":[181],"Main":[182],"results":[183],"could":[188],"proton":[191,256,276],"user":[197],"directly.":[200],"remains":[204],"cases":[212],"until":[213],"shorter":[217],"than":[218],"25":[219],"s,":[220,225],"50":[221],"100":[224],"respectively.":[226],"degraded":[230],"became":[236],"too":[237],"short,":[238],"indicating":[239],"lacked":[243],"enough":[244],"degree":[247],"freedom.":[249],"Significance":[250],"This":[252,279],"first":[255],"framework":[259],"new":[273,287],"generation":[274],"therapy":[277],"systems.":[278],"work":[280],"paved":[281],"roadmap":[283],"implementing":[285],"such":[286],"technology":[288],"routine":[291],"clinic":[292],"provided":[294],"explore":[299],"trade-off":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-07-26T00:00:00"}