{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287578221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","title":"A causal theory of error scores.","display_name":"A causal theory of error scores.","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287578221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35878074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/met0000521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45419345","display_name":"Psychological Methods","issn_l":"1082-989X","issn":["1082-989X","1939-1463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021672407","display_name":"Riet van Bork","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riet van Bork","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam","Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043821244","display_name":"Mijke Rhemtulla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-2424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-2424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mijke Rhemtulla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-2424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047720335","display_name":"Klaas Sijtsma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-0574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-0574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","display_name":"Tilburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b8v1s79","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaas Sijtsma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-0574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029100305","display_name":"Denny Borsboom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-4162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-4162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denny Borsboom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-4162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021672407"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.52,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92950537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"807","last_page":"826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-variance","display_name":"error variance","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characteristic-variables","display_name":"characteristic variables","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-item-functioning","display_name":"differential item functioning","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-homogeneity","display_name":"local homogeneity","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-retest-correlation","display_name":"test-retest correlation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-models","display_name":"psychometric models","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error","display_name":"measurement error","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.55318683385849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4851175546646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.45151686668395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.416448712348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.4113008975982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3635817766189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.35499802231788635}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/met0000521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45419345","display_name":"Psychological Methods","issn_l":"1082-989X","issn":["1082-989X","1939-1463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tilburguniversity.edu:openaire_cris_publications/7e25a791-1ba3-4123-8e08-d94c41dbe7ff","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/7e25a791-1ba3-4123-8e08-d94c41dbe7ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401490","display_name":"Research portal (Tilburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","host_organization_name":"Tilburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Van Bork, R, Rhemtulla, M, Sijtsma, K & Borsboom, D 2023, 'A causal theory of error scores', Psychological Methods. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmid:35878074","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35878074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological methods","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:uvt:oai:tilburguniversity.edu:publications/7e25a791-1ba3-4123-8e08-d94c41dbe7ff","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/7e25a791-1ba3-4123-8e08-d94c41dbe7ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Methods. AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire/8568d2b3-3a3f-4655-93ff-aa7c50b8a4ee","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/a-causal-theory-of-error-scores(8568d2b3-3a3f-4655-93ff-aa7c50b8a4ee).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Bork, R, Rhemtulla, M, Sijtsma, K & Borsboom, D 2024, 'A causal theory of error scores', Psychological Methods, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 807-826. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000521","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:7f7a8ba0-1821-4c4f-beb6-a999776d52f8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/h35sa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E01A5-E5C-A27","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/H35SA","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h35sa","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1986494964","display_name":"Psychosystems: Consolidating Network Approaches to Psychopathology","funder_award_id":"647209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7465361655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"181.029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8292966456","display_name":"From network models to network theories: Network construction methodology","funder_award_id":"VI.C.181.029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135912514","https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W1547716543","https://openalex.org/W1630204216","https://openalex.org/W1660498867","https://openalex.org/W1720694869","https://openalex.org/W1785411176","https://openalex.org/W1899871607","https://openalex.org/W1963742443","https://openalex.org/W1964218847","https://openalex.org/W1968768221","https://openalex.org/W1971383438","https://openalex.org/W1980721081","https://openalex.org/W1980996468","https://openalex.org/W1988839819","https://openalex.org/W1992203759","https://openalex.org/W1992984099","https://openalex.org/W1997324349","https://openalex.org/W1998216907","https://openalex.org/W1998352322","https://openalex.org/W2010182987","https://openalex.org/W2014472327","https://openalex.org/W2017028228","https://openalex.org/W2019720066","https://openalex.org/W2020013417","https://openalex.org/W2024802605","https://openalex.org/W2025445317","https://openalex.org/W2027716222","https://openalex.org/W2028944185","https://openalex.org/W2032579538","https://openalex.org/W2032890565","https://openalex.org/W2034931437","https://openalex.org/W2037749579","https://openalex.org/W2037894770","https://openalex.org/W2038052821","https://openalex.org/W2045032876","https://openalex.org/W2046890396","https://openalex.org/W2049132850","https://openalex.org/W2049954094","https://openalex.org/W2050460112","https://openalex.org/W2058117181","https://openalex.org/W2059055839","https://openalex.org/W2064997337","https://openalex.org/W2067158576","https://openalex.org/W2069265610","https://openalex.org/W2073726133","https://openalex.org/W2079363608","https://openalex.org/W2079953459","https://openalex.org/W2084398551","https://openalex.org/W2085112651","https://openalex.org/W2088078019","https://openalex.org/W2092722188","https://openalex.org/W2093886989","https://openalex.org/W2094142183","https://openalex.org/W2097796257","https://openalex.org/W2099019452","https://openalex.org/W2103356100","https://openalex.org/W2118338381","https://openalex.org/W2118769530","https://openalex.org/W2122621931","https://openalex.org/W2124146871","https://openalex.org/W2129375743","https://openalex.org/W2133487567","https://openalex.org/W2139338188","https://openalex.org/W2140195277","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2143654285","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2161701317","https://openalex.org/W2162929365","https://openalex.org/W2163914445","https://openalex.org/W2240156084","https://openalex.org/W2483900527","https://openalex.org/W2487019352","https://openalex.org/W2557686463","https://openalex.org/W2756793344","https://openalex.org/W2797135730","https://openalex.org/W2801752845","https://openalex.org/W2896211838","https://openalex.org/W2908271495","https://openalex.org/W2917720540","https://openalex.org/W3022130366","https://openalex.org/W3091893629","https://openalex.org/W3098349105","https://openalex.org/W3129643524","https://openalex.org/W4235473894","https://openalex.org/W4243004148","https://openalex.org/W4244225390","https://openalex.org/W4245601961","https://openalex.org/W4247425252","https://openalex.org/W4252024979","https://openalex.org/W4254272708","https://openalex.org/W4255601646","https://openalex.org/W4255712837","https://openalex.org/W4292414119","https://openalex.org/W4303115617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247497763","https://openalex.org/W1975975960","https://openalex.org/W4213414001","https://openalex.org/W3116603970","https://openalex.org/W240838575","https://openalex.org/W2123329537","https://openalex.org/W7213453779","https://openalex.org/W2136627932","https://openalex.org/W4405070112","https://openalex.org/W3034295165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,108],"modern":[1],"test":[2],"theory,":[3],"response":[4,27],"variables":[5,21,38,49,57,143,158],"are":[6,23,64,118],"a":[7,10,87,93,170,233],"function":[8],"of":[9,36,47,90,104,139],"common":[11],"latent":[12,37,127],"variable":[13,113],"that":[14,22,95,117,133,144,159,175,195,226],"represents":[15],"the":[16,26,34,45,79,105,111,126,130,154,165,192,216,224],"measured":[17],"attribute,":[18],"and":[19,69,156,201,211,215],"error":[20,48,56,68,91,112,228],"unique":[24,180],"to":[25,73,81,98,120,221,236],"variables.":[28],"While":[29],"considerable":[30],"thought":[31],"goes":[32],"into":[33],"interpretation":[35,46],"in":[39,102,153,163,232],"these":[40,179,197],"models":[41,77,198],"(e.g.,":[42,54,148,169],"validity":[43],"research),":[44],"is":[50,167],"typically":[51],"left":[52],"implicit":[53],"describing":[55],"as":[58,92],"residuals).":[59],"Yet,":[60],"many":[61],"psychometric":[62,76,185],"assumptions":[63,66,177],"essentially":[65],"about":[67,75,83,100,178,223],"thus":[70],"being":[71],"able":[72],"reason":[74,82,99,222],"requires":[78],"ability":[80,220],"errors.":[84],"We":[85,135,173],"propose":[86],"causal":[88],"theory":[89],"framework":[94],"enables":[96],"researchers":[97,231],"errors":[101],"terms":[103],"data-generating":[106],"mechanism.":[107],"this":[109],"framework,":[110],"reflects":[114],"myriad":[115],"causes":[116,181,225],"specific":[119],"an":[121],"item":[122,166,207],"and,":[123],"together":[124],"with":[125,150],"variable,":[128],"determine":[129],"scores":[131],"on":[132],"item.":[134],"distinguish":[136],"two":[137],"types":[138],"item-specific":[140],"causes:":[141],"characteristic":[142],"differ":[145],"between":[146],"people":[147],"familiarity":[149],"words":[151],"used":[152],"item),":[155],"circumstance":[157],"vary":[160],"over":[161],"occasions":[162],"which":[164],"administered":[168],"distracting":[171],"noise).":[172],"show":[174],"different":[176,184,189,204],"(a)":[182],"imply":[183],"models;":[186,200],"(b)":[187],"have":[188,203],"implications":[190],"for":[191,206],"chance":[193],"experiment":[194],"makes":[196],"probabilistic":[199],"(c)":[202,243],"consequences":[205],"bias,":[208],"local":[209],"homogeneity,":[210],"reliability":[212],"coefficient":[213],"\u03b1":[214],"test-retest":[217],"correlation.":[218],"The":[219],"produce":[227],"variance":[229],"puts":[230],"better":[234],"position":[235],"motivate":[237],"modeling":[238],"choices.":[239],"(PsycInfo":[240],"Database":[241],"Record":[242],"2024":[244],"APA,":[245],"all":[246],"rights":[247],"reserved).":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-07-25T00:00:00"}