{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286822725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","title":"YUNHAN LEI, The Linsly School, Wheeling, WV, 26003. Pre-germination inoculation with 11 species of endomycorrhizal fungi slightly improves early growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds but not that of radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) or beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).","display_name":"YUNHAN LEI, The Linsly School, Wheeling, WV, 26003. Pre-germination inoculation with 11 species of endomycorrhizal fungi slightly improves early growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds but not that of radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) or beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286822725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","pdf_url":"https://pwvas.org/index.php/pwvas/article/download/555/471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524361","display_name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","issn_l":"0096-4263","issn":["0096-4263","2473-0386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://pwvas.org/index.php/pwvas/article/download/555/471","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063482294","display_name":"Yunhan Eve Lei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunhan Eve Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Linsly School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Linsly School","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063482294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10451","display_name":"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10451","display_name":"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12934","display_name":"Plant and fungal interactions","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13246","display_name":"Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endomycorrhizal-fungi","display_name":"endomycorrhizal fungi","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seed-germination","display_name":"seed germination","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seedling-growth","display_name":"seedling growth","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lettuce","display_name":"lettuce","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radish","display_name":"radish","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beans","display_name":"beans","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-length","display_name":"root length","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seed-size","display_name":"seed size","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seed-coat-proteins","display_name":"seed coat proteins","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-uptake-plant-physiology","display_name":"water uptake (plant physiology)","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycorrhizal-symbiosis","display_name":"mycorrhizal symbiosis","score":0.7889999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.9148591756820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578052","display_name":"Lactuca","level":2,"score":0.8699327707290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7731611728668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780416096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165507","display_name":"Raphanus","level":2,"score":0.7011746168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385709","display_name":"Seedling","level":2,"score":0.7000420093536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.572219967842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180032290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664296","display_name":"Inoculation","level":2,"score":0.528096616268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99974","display_name":"Mycorrhiza","level":4,"score":0.48008424043655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.4655535817146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779429693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274959","display_name":"Distilled water","level":2,"score":0.453104704618454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992763725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99974","display_name":"Mycorrhizal fungi","level":3,"score":0.4424774646759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146763376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81714","display_name":"Petri dish","level":2,"score":0.4359758496284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.4207037091255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.32695525884628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43144210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121610","display_name":"Symbiosis","level":3,"score":0.2692047357559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07586848735809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","pdf_url":"https://pwvas.org/index.php/pwvas/article/download/555/471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524361","display_name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","issn_l":"0096-4263","issn":["0096-4263","2473-0386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v91i1.555","pdf_url":"https://pwvas.org/index.php/pwvas/article/download/555/471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524361","display_name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","issn_l":"0096-4263","issn":["0096-4263","2473-0386"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286822725.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286822725.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582499267","https://openalex.org/W292146336","https://openalex.org/W1982896156","https://openalex.org/W1996651042","https://openalex.org/W317446693","https://openalex.org/W4405016903","https://openalex.org/W2460095743","https://openalex.org/W4309915263","https://openalex.org/W2478954228","https://openalex.org/W2091454519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mycorrhizal":[0,16],"associations":[1],"of":[2,33,68,85,107,109,120,124,151],"fungi":[3,41,54,76,126,168,174,227],"with":[4,74,116,144,216],"established":[5],"and":[6,24,35,58,70,88,97,112,147,198,233],"mature":[7],"plant":[8],"roots":[9],"are":[10,50],"well-known":[11],"to":[12,177,244],"benefit":[13],"the":[14,40,45,51,166,178,205],"plant.":[15,46],"fungi,":[17],"by":[18,186,192],"penetrating":[19],"into":[20],"plant\u2019s":[21,31],"root":[22,60,181],"cells":[23],"increasing":[25],"their":[26],"surface":[27],"area,":[28],"improve":[29],"a":[30,117],"absorption":[32],"water":[34,231,246],"mineral":[36],"nutrients.":[37],"In":[38,171],"return,":[39],"absorb":[42,245],"carbohydrates":[43],"from":[44],"Less":[47],"well":[48],"known":[49],"effects":[52],"mycorrhizal":[53,75,167,173,226],"have":[55],"on":[56,207],"germination":[57,78,93,159,164],"early":[59,72],"growth.":[61],"Tiny":[62],"orchid":[63],"seeds":[64,90,108,129,209,218,229],"contain":[65],"low":[66],"quantities":[67],"nutrients":[69],"need":[71],"contact":[73],"for":[77,130,162],"success.":[79],"This":[80],"study":[81],"asks":[82],"whether":[83,98],"inoculation":[84],"lettuce,":[86,110],"radish":[87,111,169,197],"bean":[89],"improves":[91],"seed":[92,102,238],"or":[94],"seedling":[95],"growth,":[96],"any":[99],"effect":[100,206],"is":[101],"size":[103],"dependent.":[104],"Ten":[105],"groups":[106,156,176],"beans":[113],"were":[114,137],"treated":[115,228],"powder":[118],"consisting":[119],"11":[121],"different":[122],"species":[123,132],"endomycorrizal":[125],"while":[127],"ten":[128],"each":[131],"served":[133],"as":[134],"controls.":[135],"Seeds":[136],"placed":[138],"in":[139,165,183,196,202],"plastic":[140],"petri":[141],"dishes":[142],"lined":[143],"paper":[145,236],"toweling":[146],"provided":[148],"equal":[149],"amounts":[150],"distilled":[152],"water.":[153],"All":[154],"six":[155],"had":[157],"100%":[158],"rates,":[160],"except":[161],"90%":[163],"group.":[170],"comparing":[172],"treatment":[175],"control,":[179],"average":[180],"length":[182],"lettuce":[184,208],"increased":[185],"12%":[187],"(p=0.15,":[188],"t-test),":[189],"but":[190],"only":[191],"8%":[193],"(p=0.71,":[194],"t-test)":[195,201],"5%":[199],"(p=0.91,":[200],"beans.":[203],"Only":[204],"approached":[210],"statistical":[211],"significance.":[212],"A":[213],"larger":[214],"trial":[215],"more":[217],"growing":[219],"longer":[220],"might":[221],"yield":[222],"significant":[223],"results.":[224],"Since":[225],"absorbed":[230],"faster":[232],"left":[234],"drier":[235],"toweling,":[237],"coat":[239],"proteins":[240],"may":[241],"be":[242],"triggered":[243],"faster,":[247],"aiding":[248],"germination.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2022-07-24T00:00:00"}