{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286448747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","title":"Processing Techniques affects the Vitamin Quality of Edible Insects \u2013 Potential for Use in Complementary Foods","display_name":"Processing Techniques affects the Vitamin Quality of Edible Insects \u2013 Potential for Use in Complementary Foods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286448747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","pdf_url":"https://journalirjpac.com/index.php/IRJPAC/article/download/729/1460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613678","display_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","issn_l":"2231-3443","issn":["2231-3443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journalirjpac.com/index.php/IRJPAC/article/download/729/1460","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036998144","display_name":"Virginia Wambui Kimani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-9223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-9223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153975220","display_name":"Kenyatta University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2z3x69","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153975220"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginia Wambui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153975220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040661738","display_name":"Hudson Nyambaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6560"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153975220","display_name":"Kenyatta University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2z3x69","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153975220"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hudson Nyambaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153975220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032701321","display_name":"Judith O. Kimiywe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-659X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-659X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153975220","display_name":"Kenyatta University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2z3x69","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153975220"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Kimiywe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Public Health & Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Public Health & Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153975220"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063654028","display_name":"Chrysantus Mbi Tanga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-7920","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-7920"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168685008","display_name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qegss47","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chrysantus Tanga","raw_affiliation_strings":["TInternational Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TInternational Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168685008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61615958,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"35","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12336","display_name":"Insect Utilization and Effects","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12336","display_name":"Insect Utilization and Effects","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14127","display_name":"Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11065","display_name":"Insect Pest Control Strategies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edible-insects","display_name":"edible insects","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-retention","display_name":"vitamin retention","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-processing","display_name":"food processing","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sun-drying","display_name":"sun drying","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oven-drying","display_name":"oven drying","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defatting","display_name":"defatting","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-degradation","display_name":"vitamin degradation","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementary-foods","display_name":"complementary foods","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locusts","display_name":"locusts","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasshoppers","display_name":"grasshoppers","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/termites","display_name":"termites","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-carotene","display_name":"beta-carotene","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a","display_name":"vitamin A","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-c","display_name":"vitamin C","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thiamine","display_name":"thiamine","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/riboflavin","display_name":"riboflavin","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyridoxine","display_name":"pyridoxine","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/niacin","display_name":"nicotinic acid","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-tocopherol","display_name":"alpha-tocopherol","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-nutrition","display_name":"child nutrition","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7985190153121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.6087389588356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.5497109889984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776155809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130365","display_name":"Riboflavin","level":2,"score":0.4937494695186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.4814952611923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.3445231318473816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11181971430778503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.07484856247901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","pdf_url":"https://journalirjpac.com/index.php/IRJPAC/article/download/729/1460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613678","display_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","issn_l":"2231-3443","issn":["2231-3443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journalirjpac.com:article/729","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journalirjpac.com/index.php/IRJPAC/article/view/729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613678","display_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","issn_l":"2231-3443","issn":["2231-3443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2231-3443","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05193313v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05193313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2022, 23 (3), pp.35-46","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i330465","pdf_url":"https://journalirjpac.com/index.php/IRJPAC/article/download/729/1460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764613678","display_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","issn_l":"2231-3443","issn":["2231-3443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286448747.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286448747.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165645446","https://openalex.org/W204990261","https://openalex.org/W1494713003","https://openalex.org/W1574714781","https://openalex.org/W1844932698","https://openalex.org/W1876455623","https://openalex.org/W1949600407","https://openalex.org/W1959721425","https://openalex.org/W1974017555","https://openalex.org/W2003574361","https://openalex.org/W2012422054","https://openalex.org/W2056590375","https://openalex.org/W2060693756","https://openalex.org/W2060721031","https://openalex.org/W2061607370","https://openalex.org/W2068781149","https://openalex.org/W2073056556","https://openalex.org/W2085625289","https://openalex.org/W2095466042","https://openalex.org/W2095745334","https://openalex.org/W2097335636","https://openalex.org/W2104328877","https://openalex.org/W2121707236","https://openalex.org/W2126295255","https://openalex.org/W2140051150","https://openalex.org/W2144718827","https://openalex.org/W2150160264","https://openalex.org/W2168186509","https://openalex.org/W2168750598","https://openalex.org/W2171911216","https://openalex.org/W2183073164","https://openalex.org/W2489317088","https://openalex.org/W2558513205","https://openalex.org/W2578081910","https://openalex.org/W2624637769","https://openalex.org/W2681606801","https://openalex.org/W2733626550","https://openalex.org/W2754705897","https://openalex.org/W2795610129","https://openalex.org/W2897238917","https://openalex.org/W2899298350","https://openalex.org/W2902869582","https://openalex.org/W2905246062","https://openalex.org/W2966336292","https://openalex.org/W2969356085","https://openalex.org/W3025820935","https://openalex.org/W3028143240","https://openalex.org/W3041855861","https://openalex.org/W3129998784","https://openalex.org/W3138101676","https://openalex.org/W3149049136","https://openalex.org/W3156256873","https://openalex.org/W3164746855","https://openalex.org/W3208513204","https://openalex.org/W4234729751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030996017","https://openalex.org/W4407056634","https://openalex.org/W4388825342","https://openalex.org/W2242951818","https://openalex.org/W4406547263","https://openalex.org/W3143481242","https://openalex.org/W1953772731","https://openalex.org/W4410074292","https://openalex.org/W2806397466","https://openalex.org/W3173145421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aims:":[0],"To":[1],"assess":[2],"the":[3,44,109,164,168,194,233,251,282],"vitamin":[4,105,252],"content":[5],"of":[6,51,95,281],"locusts,":[7],"lake":[8,266],"flies,":[9],"grasshoppers,":[10],"and":[11,17,26,34,46,49,75,89,123,130,138,143,146,155,176,202,263,268],"termites":[12,33,126,133,179],"when":[13],"fresh,":[14,173],"sun-dried,":[15,145,174],"oven-dried,":[16,175],"defatted.":[18],"Study":[19],"Design:":[20],"Whole":[21],"insect":[22,71,97,101],"samples":[23,72,102,165],"were":[24,36,73,91,221],"sun-dried":[25,122,125,140,203,216],"oven-dried.":[27],"Due":[28],"to":[29,38,66,108,242,254,274,278],"their":[30],"high-fat":[31],"content,":[32],"grasshoppers":[35,141,149,204],"subjected":[37],"an":[39],"additional":[40],"defatting":[41],"step":[42],"after":[43],"sun-drying":[45],"oven-drying.":[47],"Place":[48],"Duration":[50],"Study:":[52],"The":[53],"study":[54],"was":[55,85,116,158,189,213],"carried":[56],"out":[57],"in":[58,87,93,166,184,215,223,265],"Kenyatta":[59],"University's":[60],"food":[61],"science":[62],"lab":[63],"from":[64],"August":[65],"December":[67],"2020.":[68],"Methodology:":[69],"Prepared":[70],"ground":[74],"analyzed":[76],"for":[77,162,193,210,239,246,259],"vitamins":[78,212,220,230],"using":[79],"high-performance":[80],"liquid":[81],"chromatography":[82],"(HPLC).":[83],"Analysis":[84],"done":[86],"triplicates":[88],"results":[90],"expressed":[92],"mg/100g":[94],"dry":[96],"sample.":[98],"Results:":[99],"Fresh":[100,227],"had":[103],"higher":[104],"concentrations":[106],"compared":[107],"processed":[110],"samples.":[111,225],"For":[112,151,171,198],"ascorbic":[113,260],"acid,":[114,261],"there":[115,157,188],"no":[117,181],"significant":[118,160,182,191],"difference":[119,161,183,192],"between;":[120],"a)":[121],"defatted":[124,131,136,139,147,177],"(p=0.79),":[127],"b)":[128],"oven-dried":[129,132,137,148,178,201,224],"(p=0.51),":[134],"c)":[135],"(p=0.22)":[142],"d)":[144],"(p=0.59).":[150],"thiamine,":[152,262],"pyridoxine,":[153],"riboflavin,":[154],"\u03b1-tocopherol":[156],"a":[159,190],"all":[163,167],"insects":[169,196,228],"(p<0.0001).":[170,197],"niacin,":[172],"showed":[180],"concentration":[185],"(p=0.22).":[186],"However,":[187],"other":[195],"beta-carotene,":[199],"only":[200],"didn\u2019t":[205],"significantly":[206,249],"differ":[207],"(p=0.76).":[208],"Degradation":[209],"water-soluble":[211],"highest":[214,222],"samples,":[217],"while":[218],"fat-soluble":[219],"Conclusion:":[226],"contain":[229],"that":[231],"meet":[232,279],"recommended":[234],"dietary":[235],"allowance":[236],"(RDA)":[237],"values":[238,257],"children":[240],"up":[241],"36":[243],"months,":[244],"except":[245,258],"beta-carotene.":[247],"Processing":[248],"reduces":[250],"levels":[253],"below":[255],"RDA":[256],"alpha-tocopherol":[264],"flies":[267],"termites,":[269],"which":[270],"can":[271],"be":[272],"used":[273],"formulate":[275],"complementary":[276],"foods":[277],"100%":[280],"RDA.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-07-22T00:00:00"}