{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285595474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","title":"Misleading Meta-Analyses during COVID-19 Pandemic: Examples of Methodological Biases in Evidence Synthesis","display_name":"Misleading Meta-Analyses during COVID-19 Pandemic: Examples of Methodological Biases in Evidence Synthesis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285595474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35887848","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9325191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcm11144084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4084/pdf?version=1657864517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737969411","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","issn_l":"2077-0383","issn":["2077-0383"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4084/pdf?version=1657864517","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023799221","display_name":"Erand Llanaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-0433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-0433"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132735039","display_name":"University of Debrecen","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf66n48","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132735039"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7597260","display_name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02ks8qq67","country_code":"HU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7597260"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erand Llanaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Kassai \u00fat 26, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-0433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Kassai \u00fat 26, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132735039","https://openalex.org/I7597260"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051709594","display_name":"Taulant Muka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-3073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-3073","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-2161"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taulant Muka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051709594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"fwci":0.6324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77667403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"14","first_page":"4084","last_page":"4084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13607","display_name":"Academic Publishing and Open Access","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/method-bias","display_name":"methodological bias","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"meta-analysis","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy-of-evidence","display_name":"evidence hierarchy","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-appraisal","display_name":"critical appraisal","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mask-wearing","display_name":"masking","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymptomatic-transmission","display_name":"asymptomatic transmission","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ivermectin","display_name":"ivermectin","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacological-interventions","display_name":"pharmacological interventions","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-pharmaceutical-interventions","display_name":"non-pharmaceutical interventions","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-public-health","display_name":"evidence-based public health","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design-quality","display_name":"study design quality","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7891886234283447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152541439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186693","display_name":"Critical appraisal","level":3,"score":0.7725013494491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.594342052936554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.5926470160484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5264490246772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5242505073547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.4960504472255707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018989441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Quality of evidence","level":3,"score":0.4501136541366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.43911799788475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.43759724497795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4252339005470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.33580783009529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.32883206009864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.20086199045181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.158191978931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.1088835597038269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09471496939659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07617959380149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07609537243843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcm11144084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4084/pdf?version=1657864517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737969411","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","issn_l":"2077-0383","issn":["2077-0383"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9325191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9325191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Clin Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35887848","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35887848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of clinical medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48350/171603","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/86399","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boris.unibe.ch:171603","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/171603/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401747","display_name":"BORIS (University Library Bern)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210103840","host_organization_name":"Nakuru County Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103840"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Llanaj, Erand; Muka, Taulant (2022). Misleading Meta-Analyses during COVID-19 Pandemic: Examples of Methodological Biases in Evidence Synthesis [commentary]. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(14), p. 4084. MDPI 10.3390/jcm11144084 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084>","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dea.lib.unideb.hu:2437/335920","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2437/335920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402089","display_name":"University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I132735039","host_organization_name":"University of Debrecen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132735039"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"foly\u00f3iratcikk"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:15def4e9b4c64f3b938a9e1d13ba55d1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/15def4e9b4c64f3b938a9e1d13ba55d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 4084, p 4084 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.uni-bielefeld.de:3014141","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/3014141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401624","display_name":"Publikationen an der Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld (Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","host_organization_name":"Bielefeld University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"doi:10.48350/171603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48350/171603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48350/171603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053152","display_name":"Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcm11144084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4084/pdf?version=1657864517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737969411","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","issn_l":"2077-0383","issn":["2077-0383"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285595474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285595474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992332433","https://openalex.org/W2113589146","https://openalex.org/W2133564174","https://openalex.org/W2135400982","https://openalex.org/W2520714999","https://openalex.org/W2986921917","https://openalex.org/W3013527469","https://openalex.org/W3014962324","https://openalex.org/W3016369323","https://openalex.org/W3018807993","https://openalex.org/W3021112975","https://openalex.org/W3024634930","https://openalex.org/W3026590265","https://openalex.org/W3028953168","https://openalex.org/W3032366828","https://openalex.org/W3032742287","https://openalex.org/W3044366033","https://openalex.org/W3046396978","https://openalex.org/W3048904754","https://openalex.org/W3087248341","https://openalex.org/W3088267014","https://openalex.org/W3091860795","https://openalex.org/W3092255603","https://openalex.org/W3092788140","https://openalex.org/W3095087778","https://openalex.org/W3099589848","https://openalex.org/W3102173765","https://openalex.org/W3109837459","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3122351745","https://openalex.org/W3127095101","https://openalex.org/W3127482956","https://openalex.org/W3127578582","https://openalex.org/W3142232013","https://openalex.org/W3158433134","https://openalex.org/W3185180303","https://openalex.org/W3186685584","https://openalex.org/W3201621697","https://openalex.org/W3212693288","https://openalex.org/W4212870203","https://openalex.org/W4214696447","https://openalex.org/W4224109061","https://openalex.org/W4287129885","https://openalex.org/W6778363885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6929244306","https://openalex.org/W3117853704","https://openalex.org/W4200536079","https://openalex.org/W3157164929","https://openalex.org/W4200275673","https://openalex.org/W3133793406","https://openalex.org/W7212007069","https://openalex.org/W3109130139","https://openalex.org/W3148431602","https://openalex.org/W3164392163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Not":[0],"all":[1],"evidence":[2,75,81,181],"is":[3,16,40],"equal.":[4],"Evidence-based":[5],"public":[6,60,133,210],"health":[7,61,134],"and":[8,24,55,76,87,102,128,135,144,162,167,171,192,209],"medicine":[9],"emanate":[10],"from":[11],"the":[12,29,32,53,66,72,77,152,159,180,200,203],"principle":[13],"that":[14,50,95],"there":[15],"a":[17,89,106],"hierarchy":[18],"of":[19,35,74,92,109,164,176,202],"evidence,":[20],"with":[21,47,131],"systematic":[22],"reviews":[23],"meta-analyses":[25],"(SRMAs)":[26],"being":[27],"at":[28],"top,":[30],"as":[31,139],"highest":[33],"level":[34],"evidence.":[36,187],"Despite":[37],"this,":[38],"it":[39],"common":[41],"in":[42,79,112,179],"literature":[43],"to":[44,99,122,154,158],"find":[45],"SRMAs":[46,114],"methodological":[48,93,110,160],"issues":[49],"can":[51,56],"distort":[52],"results":[54],"thus":[57],"have":[58,97,118],"serious":[59],"or":[62,124],"clinical":[63,136],"implications.":[64],"During":[65],"Coronavirus":[67],"Disease":[68],"2019":[69],"(COVID-19)":[70],"pandemic,":[71],"importance":[73],"way":[78],"which":[80,117],"was":[82,84],"produced":[83],"stress":[85],"tested":[86],"revealed":[88],"wide":[90],"array":[91],"biases":[94,111,156],"might":[96],"led":[98],"misleading":[100,196],"conclusions":[101],"recommendations.":[103],"We":[104],"provide":[105],"critical":[107,174],"examination":[108],"selected":[113,148],"on":[115],"COVID-19,":[116],"been":[119],"widely":[120],"used":[121],"guide":[123],"justify":[125],"some":[126],"pharmaceutical":[127],"nonpharmaceutical":[129],"interventions":[130],"high":[132],"significance,":[137],"such":[138],"mask":[140],"wearing,":[141],"asymptomatic":[142],"transmission,":[143],"ivermectin.":[145],"Through":[146],"these":[147],"examples,":[149],"we":[150],"highlight":[151],"need":[153],"address":[155],"related":[157],"quality":[161,186],"relevance":[163],"study":[165],"designs":[166],"effect":[168],"size":[169],"computations":[170],"considerations":[172,189],"for":[173,184,207],"appraisal":[175],"available":[177],"data":[178],"synthesis":[182],"process":[183],"better":[185],"Such":[188],"help":[190],"researchers":[191],"decision":[193],"makers":[194],"avoid":[195],"conclusions,":[197],"while":[198],"encouraging":[199],"provision":[201],"best":[204],"policy":[205],"recommendations":[206],"individual":[208],"health.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-07-16T00:00:00"}