{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285490481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","title":"Metamorphic relations via relaxations: an approach to obtain oracles for action-policy testing","display_name":"Metamorphic relations via relaxations: an approach to obtain oracles for action-policy testing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285490481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3533767.3534392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3533767.3534392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407085879","display_name":"ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3533767.3534392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010039671","display_name":"Hasan Ferit Eni\u015fer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-8794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-8794"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Ferit Eniser","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033310691","display_name":"Timo P. Gros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1100-1952","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1100-1952"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo P. Gros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087604407","display_name":"Valentin W\u00fcstholz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-1104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-1104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102518","display_name":"ConsenSys (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01a2p6r88","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102518"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentin W\u00fcstholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["ConsenSys, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ConsenSys, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102518"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076532681","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1590-5876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1590-5876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland University, Germany / DFKI, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland University, Germany / DFKI, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026","https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064181052","display_name":"Maria Christakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-1958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-1958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Christakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5979,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90672783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"52","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamorphic-testing","display_name":"metamorphic testing","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracles","display_name":"oracles","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-conditions","display_name":"failure conditions","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-testing","display_name":"software testing","score":0.5690000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.737592875957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6655396223068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6604733467102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.581824541091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5058417320251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45786717534065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.42303574085235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.337959349155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.30245327949523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2692863941192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3533767.3534392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3533767.3534392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407085879","display_name":"ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7756666","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7756666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software"},{"id":"doi:10.22028/d291-48339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22028/d291-48339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22028/d291-48339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196499","display_name":"Publications of the UdS (Saarland University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","host_organization_name":"Saarland University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3533767.3534392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533767.3534392","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3533767.3534392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407085879","display_name":"ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3032849772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TRR 248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G890954746","display_name":"TRR 248: Grundlagen verst\u00e4ndlicher SoftwareSysteme  f\u00fcr eine nachvollziehbare cyberphysische Welt","funder_award_id":"389792660","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285490481.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285490481.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543732613","https://openalex.org/W1845972764","https://openalex.org/W2002934700","https://openalex.org/W2057188589","https://openalex.org/W2122054842","https://openalex.org/W2143303446","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2749952662","https://openalex.org/W2798302610","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2810623284","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2888510757","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2904101382","https://openalex.org/W2913791146","https://openalex.org/W2917321477","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963575966","https://openalex.org/W3039045514","https://openalex.org/W3042392651","https://openalex.org/W3105599650","https://openalex.org/W3206558114","https://openalex.org/W4312758944"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382866768","https://openalex.org/W4312758944","https://openalex.org/W7163882856","https://openalex.org/W4399157063","https://openalex.org/W4415427930","https://openalex.org/W4285814700","https://openalex.org/W4414223498","https://openalex.org/W3158950919","https://openalex.org/W4308643033","https://openalex.org/W2995476124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Testing":[0],"is":[1,18,46,55,85],"a":[2,9,19,35],"promising":[3],"way":[4],"to":[5,48],"gain":[6],"trust":[7],"in":[8,14,24,77],"learned":[10],"action":[11],"policy":[12,31,50],"\u03c0,":[13],"particular":[15],"if":[16],"\u03c0":[17],"neural":[20],"network.":[21],"A":[22],"\u201cbug\u201d":[23],"this":[25],"context":[26],"constitutes":[27],"undesirable":[28],"or":[29,52],"fatal":[30],"behavior,":[32],"e.g.,":[33],"satisfying":[34],"failure":[36],"condition.":[37],"But":[38],"how":[39],"do":[40],"we":[41],"distinguish":[42],"whether":[43,53],"such":[44],"behavior":[45],"due":[47],"bad":[49],"decisions,":[51],"it":[54],"actually":[56],"unavoidable":[57],"under":[58],"the":[59,70,81],"given":[60],"circumstances?":[61],"This":[62],"requires":[63],"knowledge":[64],"about":[65],"optimal":[66],"solutions,":[67],"which":[68],"defeats":[69],"scalability":[71],"of":[72],"testing.":[73],"Related":[74],"problems":[75],"occur":[76],"software":[78],"testing":[79],"when":[80],"correct":[82],"program":[83],"output":[84],"not":[86],"known.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-07-15T00:00:00"}