{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285079374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","title":"Efficiency evaluation of commercial banks in Pakistan: A slacks-based measure Super-SBM approach with bad output (Non-performing loans)","display_name":"Efficiency evaluation of commercial banks in Pakistan: A slacks-based measure Super-SBM approach with bad output (Non-performing loans)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285079374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35819952","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9275710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270406&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270406&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004031292","display_name":"Wasi Ul Hassan Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-4861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-4861"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127700","display_name":"Zhejiang Shuren University","ror":"https://ror.org/0331z5r71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127700"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasi Ul Hassan Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009766673","display_name":"Gang Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-3919","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-3919"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058391821","display_name":"Hong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0699-5470","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0699-5470"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127700","display_name":"Zhejiang Shuren University","ror":"https://ror.org/0331z5r71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127700"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013460462","display_name":"Rizwana Yasmeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-7773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-7773","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3386-4908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108370","display_name":"Panzhihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/01h8y6y39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108370"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rizwana Yasmeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-7773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013460462"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108370"],"apc_list":{"value":1805,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1805},"apc_paid":{"value":1805,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1805},"fwci":3.1739,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92105199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"e0270406","last_page":"e0270406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14183","display_name":"Banking Sector Performance and Management","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-bank-efficiency","display_name":"commercial bank efficiency","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-performing-loans","display_name":"non-performing loans","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undesirable-outputs","display_name":"undesirable outputs","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/super-sbm-model","display_name":"Super-SBM model","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-and-private-banks","display_name":"public and private banks","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-size","display_name":"bank size","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-interest-margin","display_name":"net interest margin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistani-banking-sector","display_name":"Pakistan banking sector","score":0.765999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22088475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647974","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","level":2,"score":0.8141193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6165533065795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6175523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11771027","display_name":"Net interest margin","level":4,"score":0.5783689022064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5723026394844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71387314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494128","display_name":"Non-performing loan","level":3,"score":0.5385066270828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17648541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2265984","display_name":"Efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4306023120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11644782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401790","display_name":"Cost efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4132484495639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39248326420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.365686297416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30427801609039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29020488262176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24658775329589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.16756558418273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.16014593839645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777764128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189539","display_name":"Loan","level":2,"score":0.10595476627349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185669311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163221","display_name":"Return on assets","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004526","descriptor_name":"Efficiency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010154","descriptor_name":"Pakistan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036262","descriptor_name":"Empirical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270406&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9275710","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9275710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35819952","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35819952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pone00:0270406","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d33bc017312341e79b8c6a1cf9296b35","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d33bc017312341e79b8c6a1cf9296b35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 7, p e0270406 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/ae8bb02a-4423-4b8d-b306-80de4fd4e9dc","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/ae8bb02a-4423-4b8d-b306-80de4fd4e9dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Shah, W U H, Hao, G, Yan, H & Yasmeen, R 2022, 'Efficiency evaluation of commercial banks in Pakistan : A slacks-based measure Super-SBM approach with bad output (Non-performing loans)', PLOS ONE, vol. 17, no. 7, e0270406. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270406","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270406&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5945764968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KXJ0121610","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323250","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang Shuren University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323250","display_name":"Zhejiang Shuren University","ror":"https://ror.org/0331z5r71"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285079374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285079374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W634432896","https://openalex.org/W767725238","https://openalex.org/W1518204221","https://openalex.org/W1535866388","https://openalex.org/W1589963777","https://openalex.org/W1603659135","https://openalex.org/W1807993452","https://openalex.org/W1963838640","https://openalex.org/W1964483276","https://openalex.org/W1968381030","https://openalex.org/W1974308520","https://openalex.org/W1979092032","https://openalex.org/W1980855389","https://openalex.org/W1980973500","https://openalex.org/W1981105881","https://openalex.org/W1982016121","https://openalex.org/W1985968210","https://openalex.org/W1986579164","https://openalex.org/W1991804880","https://openalex.org/W1992977321","https://openalex.org/W1997471269","https://openalex.org/W2001294708","https://openalex.org/W2002927225","https://openalex.org/W2007539839","https://openalex.org/W2009198911","https://openalex.org/W2013570781","https://openalex.org/W2019207324","https://openalex.org/W2022623535","https://openalex.org/W2025521011","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2026293041","https://openalex.org/W2033040412","https://openalex.org/W2033229193","https://openalex.org/W2034090930","https://openalex.org/W2040329679","https://openalex.org/W2041481454","https://openalex.org/W2044802812","https://openalex.org/W2047523070","https://openalex.org/W2047732480","https://openalex.org/W2050009474","https://openalex.org/W2052658730","https://openalex.org/W2055010094","https://openalex.org/W2056252285","https://openalex.org/W2057113980","https://openalex.org/W2058906669","https://openalex.org/W2065666590","https://openalex.org/W2067577690","https://openalex.org/W2073579048","https://openalex.org/W2076452041","https://openalex.org/W2084305439","https://openalex.org/W2084553993","https://openalex.org/W2087100104","https://openalex.org/W2088097176","https://openalex.org/W2097173585","https://openalex.org/W2098940796","https://openalex.org/W2101310722","https://openalex.org/W2103111596","https://openalex.org/W2104598240","https://openalex.org/W2106429028","https://openalex.org/W2109630222","https://openalex.org/W2110250287","https://openalex.org/W2119321019","https://openalex.org/W2121553879","https://openalex.org/W2124076173","https://openalex.org/W2124279803","https://openalex.org/W2129763896","https://openalex.org/W2131104527","https://openalex.org/W2142746343","https://openalex.org/W2144357229","https://openalex.org/W2148171683","https://openalex.org/W2150059822","https://openalex.org/W2152550746","https://openalex.org/W2152978810","https://openalex.org/W2157032275","https://openalex.org/W2158725838","https://openalex.org/W2158770372","https://openalex.org/W2166384404","https://openalex.org/W2166432442","https://openalex.org/W2167168670","https://openalex.org/W2183141995","https://openalex.org/W2245013366","https://openalex.org/W2245565187","https://openalex.org/W2506753585","https://openalex.org/W2540501786","https://openalex.org/W2556205225","https://openalex.org/W2581029168","https://openalex.org/W2605460049","https://openalex.org/W2755378552","https://openalex.org/W2769862847","https://openalex.org/W2786834893","https://openalex.org/W2794753643","https://openalex.org/W2885331200","https://openalex.org/W2890238957","https://openalex.org/W2905558550","https://openalex.org/W2960975786","https://openalex.org/W3014330060","https://openalex.org/W3021725858","https://openalex.org/W3021848384","https://openalex.org/W3064829634","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3122606468","https://openalex.org/W3125448418","https://openalex.org/W3125826014","https://openalex.org/W3209303455","https://openalex.org/W4249532853","https://openalex.org/W4302508032","https://openalex.org/W4302603203","https://openalex.org/W4318328625","https://openalex.org/W6606163039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2214268391","https://openalex.org/W4226251551","https://openalex.org/W2905558550","https://openalex.org/W1565763206","https://openalex.org/W1995698924","https://openalex.org/W4388210574","https://openalex.org/W6999934492","https://openalex.org/W3112757236","https://openalex.org/W2885331200","https://openalex.org/W2493859000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,31,207],"recent":[2],"figures":[3],"from":[4,134],"the":[5,24,33,38,53,60,66,73,77,84,108,117,123,128,168,195,199,204,209,244],"State":[6],"Bank":[7],"of":[8,27,35,41,56,80,86,119,198,211,246],"Pakistan":[9],"(SBP),":[10],"since":[11],"2006,":[12],"commercial":[13,42,247],"banks'":[14],"non-performing":[15],"loans":[16],"(NPLs)":[17],"have":[18,156,226],"significantly":[19],"risen.":[20],"To":[21,82],"this":[22,28],"end,":[23],"primary":[25],"objective":[26],"research":[29],"is":[30],"explore":[32],"impact":[34,210],"NPLs":[36,46,225],"on":[37,219,232],"operational":[39],"efficiency":[40,54,78,158,245],"banks":[43,145,248],"in":[44,52,163,176,188,249],"Pakistan.":[45,250],"were":[47,180,191],"incorporated":[48],"as":[49,175],"bad":[50],"output":[51,75],"estimation":[55,121],"24":[57],"CBs":[58,155,162,171,220],"for":[59,76,127],"period":[61,130],"2006-2017.":[62],"This":[63],"study":[64,129],"employs":[65],"data":[67],"envelopment":[68],"analysis":[69],"(DEA)":[70],"Super-SBM":[71],"with":[72,111],"undesirable":[74,114],"evaluation":[79],"CBs.":[81],"test":[83],"robustness":[85],"our":[87],"results,":[88],"we":[89,202],"used":[90],"two":[91],"different":[92],"input-output":[93],"bundles":[94],"(model":[95],"A":[96,139],"and":[97,112,131,140,215,229,238],"model":[98,177,189],"B).":[99],"The":[100],"findings":[101],"show":[102,142,172],"a":[103,227],"significant":[104,230],"difference":[105],"exists":[106],"between":[107],"results":[109,118],"estimated":[110],"without":[113],"output.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"super-efficiency":[120],"rank":[122],"most":[124],"efficient":[125,136,149,182],"CB":[126],"distinguish":[132],"it":[133],"other":[135,184],"DMUs.":[137],"Models":[138],"B":[141,190],"that":[143,224],"foreign":[144],"are":[146],"always":[147],"more":[148,181],"than":[150,160,183],"domestic":[151,164,185],"banks,":[152],"while":[153,187],"private":[154],"higher":[157],"scores":[159],"public":[161],"banking.":[165],"In":[166,194],"addition,":[167],"big":[169],"five":[170],"mixed":[173],"findings,":[174],"A,":[178],"they":[179],"CBs,":[186],"less":[192],"efficient.":[193],"second":[196],"stage":[197],"empirical":[200],"study,":[201],"use":[203],"system":[205],"GMM":[206],"examine":[208],"NPLs,":[212],"bank":[213,236],"size,":[214],"net":[216,239],"interest":[217,240],"margin":[218,241],"efficiency.":[221],"We":[222],"discovered":[223],"negative":[228],"effect":[231],"banking":[233],"efficiency,":[234],"whereas":[235],"size":[237],"positively":[242],"affect":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-07-13T00:00:00"}
