{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285039721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","title":"Modal split of passenger traffic: The Polish section of EU external borders","display_name":"Modal split of passenger traffic: The Polish section of EU external borders","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285039721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737987524","display_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports","issn_l":"1210-8812","issn":["1210-8812","2199-6202"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ddh","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038492185","display_name":"Tomasz Komornicki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-125X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-125X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099113","display_name":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtrhc98","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099113","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Komornicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warszawa , Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warszawa , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099113","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030891391","display_name":"Rafa\u0142 Wi\u015bniewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-2922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-2922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099113","display_name":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00wtrhc98","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099113","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafa\u0142 Wi\u015bniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warszawa , Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warszawa , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099113","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021972524","display_name":"Karol Kowalczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-0815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-0815"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174183983","display_name":"Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University","ror":"https://ror.org/015h0qg34","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174183983"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karol Kowalczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management , Maria Curie Sklodowska University , Lublin , Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management , Maria Curie Sklodowska University , Lublin , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174183983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030891391"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099113","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2246,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48316985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"116","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12725","display_name":"Railways and European Transport Policy","score":0.6753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12725","display_name":"Railways and European Transport Policy","score":0.6753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12690","display_name":"Cross-Border Cooperation and Integration","score":0.302700012922287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14133","display_name":"Border Security and International Relations","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal-split","display_name":"modal split","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passenger-traffic","display_name":"passenger flow","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-crossing","display_name":"border crossing","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-external-borders","display_name":"EU external borders","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schengen-area","display_name":"Schengen Area","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-permeability","display_name":"border permeability","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bus-transport","display_name":"bus transport","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railways","display_name":"railways","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-transport","display_name":"road transport","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-infrastructure","display_name":"border infrastructure","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"public transport","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.6261045336723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992902843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413618","display_name":"Modal shift","level":3,"score":0.5881785154342651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985109136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7590","display_name":"Transport infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.539231538772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018364605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7590","display_name":"Passenger transport","level":2,"score":0.48823240399360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.4846346974372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778711553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924286","display_name":"Transport network","level":2,"score":0.47922712564468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993114674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684740","display_name":"Home market","level":2,"score":0.46976161003112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45549285411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.4544461667537689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.4333120584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779567914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334166","display_name":"Mode of transport","level":3,"score":0.41064319014549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.39131850004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.35844671726226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26244810223579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.25813546776771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.22723901271820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22075560688972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13756582140922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.1314077079296112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737987524","display_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports","issn_l":"1210-8812","issn":["1210-8812","2199-6202"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ddh","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9061f804ed73489f86e18578aa20a4b6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9061f804ed73489f86e18578aa20a4b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports, Vol 30, Iss 2, Pp 116-133 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","pdf_url":"https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/mgr-2022-0008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737987524","display_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports","issn_l":"1210-8812","issn":["1210-8812","2199-6202"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ddh","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Moravian Geographical Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6773999929428101}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285039721.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285039721.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966630959","https://openalex.org/W2007408075","https://openalex.org/W2024403737","https://openalex.org/W2047967519","https://openalex.org/W2049659124","https://openalex.org/W2083379663","https://openalex.org/W2085994618","https://openalex.org/W2090250870","https://openalex.org/W2092926769","https://openalex.org/W2101183790","https://openalex.org/W2105344453","https://openalex.org/W2119710537","https://openalex.org/W2150524705","https://openalex.org/W2151764627","https://openalex.org/W2185095976","https://openalex.org/W2498064603","https://openalex.org/W2511300674","https://openalex.org/W2563347101","https://openalex.org/W2604005260","https://openalex.org/W2608164114","https://openalex.org/W2610204571","https://openalex.org/W2612056267","https://openalex.org/W2621656651","https://openalex.org/W2624436460","https://openalex.org/W2714447604","https://openalex.org/W2778946037","https://openalex.org/W2779494411","https://openalex.org/W2780644018","https://openalex.org/W2795097485","https://openalex.org/W2884178459","https://openalex.org/W2899316614","https://openalex.org/W2901629708","https://openalex.org/W2938078028","https://openalex.org/W2945195077","https://openalex.org/W2946633300","https://openalex.org/W2971701561","https://openalex.org/W2979411802","https://openalex.org/W2987205526","https://openalex.org/W3004516093","https://openalex.org/W3004960519","https://openalex.org/W3005136485","https://openalex.org/W3035622663","https://openalex.org/W3043440037","https://openalex.org/W3085967301","https://openalex.org/W3092717853","https://openalex.org/W3107095061","https://openalex.org/W3181960653","https://openalex.org/W4200234445","https://openalex.org/W4214934212","https://openalex.org/W4240717710","https://openalex.org/W4251936768","https://openalex.org/W4293257999","https://openalex.org/W4313154724"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313154724","https://openalex.org/W4413097650","https://openalex.org/W3202813127","https://openalex.org/W2980206588","https://openalex.org/W4403996620","https://openalex.org/W4408914620","https://openalex.org/W7208757272","https://openalex.org/W4413097724","https://openalex.org/W1480497737","https://openalex.org/W75950357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Despite":[1],"the":[2,36,45,49,53,59,71,78,81,85,91,109,153,156,159,170,174,184],"ongoing":[3],"processes":[4],"of":[5,22,48,52,62,67,75,80,87,108,114,128,152,158,177],"territorial":[6],"integration,":[7],"especially":[8],"in":[9,70,98,146],"Europe,":[10],"there":[11],"are":[12],"still":[13],"borders":[14],"that":[15,21],"fulfil":[16],"their":[17],"original":[18],"function,":[19],"namely":[20],"a":[23,124],"barrier.":[24],"In":[25],"some":[26,112],"cases,":[27],"this":[28],"function":[29],"has":[30],"even":[31],"been":[32],"strengthened.":[33],"Such":[34],"is":[35,43,121,166,181],"case":[37],"with":[38],"Poland\u2019s":[39],"eastern":[40,119],"border,":[41,172],"which":[42,131],"also":[44],"external":[46],"border":[47,88,104,110,120],"EU":[50],"and":[51,73,94,103],"Schengen":[54],"Area.":[55],"This":[56],"article":[57],"presents":[58],"modal":[60],"split":[61],"passenger":[63],"traffic":[64],"under":[65,136],"conditions":[66],"frequent":[68],"changes":[69],"functions":[72],"permeability":[74],"borders,":[76],"against":[77],"background":[79],"key":[82],"drivers":[83],"behind":[84,155],"volumes":[86],"traffic,":[89],"i.e.":[90],"geopolitical,":[92],"socio-economic,":[93],"infrastructural":[95],"factors,":[96],"both":[97],"relation":[99],"to":[100,133],"road,":[101],"rail":[102],"infrastructure.":[105],"All":[106],"sections":[107,135],"display":[111],"marginalisation":[113],"railway":[115],"transport.":[116,163],"The":[117,138],"Polish":[118],"characterised":[122],"by":[123,179],"sustained":[125],"high":[126],"share":[127,176],"bus":[129,180],"transport,":[130],"pertains":[132],"all":[134],"analysis.":[137],"long":[139],"waiting":[140],"times":[141],"for":[142,161],"clearance":[143],"when":[144],"travelling":[145],"private":[147],"cars":[148],"was":[149],"probably":[150],"one":[151],"factors":[154],"creation":[157],"market":[160],"collective":[162],"Private":[164],"transport":[165],"most":[167],"dominant":[168],"on":[169,183],"Polish-Russian":[171],"while":[173],"largest":[175],"crossings":[178],"recorded":[182],"Belarusian":[185],"border.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-07-12T00:00:00"}
