{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284968845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","title":"The intricate debate on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: which came first?","display_name":"The intricate debate on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: which came first?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284968845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/1673-5374.343895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80372421","display_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","issn_l":"1673-5374","issn":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004543991","display_name":"Antonella Cardinale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155925","display_name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma","ror":"https://ror.org/006x48140","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4387155925"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Cardinale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy","Both authors contributed equally to this work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Both authors contributed equally to this work","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011552282","display_name":"Valeria Calabrese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1127-1741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1127-1741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155925","display_name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma","ror":"https://ror.org/006x48140","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4387155925"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Calabrese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy","Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy","Both authors contributed equally to this work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Both authors contributed equally to this work","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004543991","https://openalex.org/A5011552282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092","https://openalex.org/I4387155925"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":1.242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77597825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"125","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13991","display_name":"Nuclear Receptors and Signaling","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegeneration","display_name":"neurodegeneration","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-synuclein","display_name":"alpha-synuclein","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-misfolding","display_name":"protein misfolding","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lewy-bodies","display_name":"Lewy bodies","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substantia-nigra-pars-compacta","display_name":"substantia nigra pars compacta","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dopaminergic-neuron-degeneration","display_name":"dopaminergic neuron loss","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autophagy","display_name":"autophagy","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ubiquitin-proteasome-system","display_name":"ubiquitin-proteasome system","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-dysfunction","display_name":"mitochondrial dysfunction","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier","display_name":"blood-brain barrier","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhesus-monkey-brain","display_name":"rhesus monkey brain","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.8646447658538818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.8389067649841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","level":3,"score":0.6625564098358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5872708559036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5401557683944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4799809157848358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22810694575309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1454257369041443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/1673-5374.343895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80372421","display_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","issn_l":"1673-5374","issn":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9241404","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9241404/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regen Res","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/1673-5374.343895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.343895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80372421","display_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","issn_l":"1673-5374","issn":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073449985","https://openalex.org/W2155694557","https://openalex.org/W2887497469","https://openalex.org/W2940371405","https://openalex.org/W2970729530","https://openalex.org/W2991267786","https://openalex.org/W3113312909","https://openalex.org/W3165128766","https://openalex.org/W3165686315","https://openalex.org/W3171178292","https://openalex.org/W3172447967","https://openalex.org/W3185228246","https://openalex.org/W3207118398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3049302348","https://openalex.org/W2605252223","https://openalex.org/W4322754763","https://openalex.org/W2037810877","https://openalex.org/W3134847088","https://openalex.org/W4405648476","https://openalex.org/W1752072889","https://openalex.org/W3110855451","https://openalex.org/W4388846221","https://openalex.org/W3036797125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parkinson\u2019s":[0,1143,1237],"disease":[1,222,1144],"(PD)":[2],"is":[3,47,162,188,205,229,257,315,332,663,747,755,859,873,1062,1079],"a":[4,92,152,253,403,459,592,618,628,876,1185,1221],"heterogeneous":[5],"multifactorial":[6],"disorder":[7],"and,":[8],"during":[9,284,479],"the":[10,26,32,38,80,166,180,191,199,218,233,249,261,266,269,272,285,297,300,328,336,342,371,389,395,427,437,455,486,499,505,517,572,579,600,644,679,702,705,726,741,751,766,772,783,803,811,828,838,854,860,864,868,902,930,959,977,982,991,1021,1047,1080,1083,1111,1148],"last":[11,506],"years,":[12,508,725],"new":[13,449,1104,1128],"scientific":[14],"evidence":[15,334],"has":[16,733,791,800],"supported":[17,1219],"this":[18,75,104,520,636,691,710,968,1076,1124],"concept.":[19],"The":[20,157,212,294,311,363,568,1132,1230],"principal":[21],"hallmarks":[22],"of":[23,28,40,74,123,160,165,169,182,190,214,252,287,299,303,313,335,373,392,397,430,458,462,502,516,519,565,594,620,631,647,660,740,762,774,785,805,807,813,815,824,856,863,891,909,932,961,980,994,1011,1107,1139,1154,1175,1201,1205,1227],"PD":[24,56,136,161,243,289,688,786,877,1004,1031,1048],"are":[25,86,120,133,280,883,1068],"loss":[27,812,935],"dopaminergic":[29,606,720,763,816,933,1176],"neurons":[30,374,607,779,809],"in":[31,55,88,232,260,264,341,402,482,504,522,551,562,578,597,672,687,765,794,844,946,971,1000,1075,1093,1097,1142,1157,1192],"substantia":[33,234,267],"nigra":[34,235],"pars":[35,236,777],"compacta":[36,237,778],"and":[37,61,82,100,116,138,184,238,271,278,320,357,385,394,412,492,525,543,617,669,689,731,760,799,810,889,899,936,956,984,1017,1039,1082,1099,1101,1114,1164,1171,1190,1196,1203,1229,1232,1238,1249],"aggregation":[39,95,1180],"misfolded":[41,76,210,215],"alpha-synuclein":[42,1137],"(\u03b1-syn).":[43],"In":[44,129,248,851,875],"particular,":[45,265],"\u03b1-syn":[46,65,77,94,142,183,209,216,228,256,276,304,314,338,368,490,548,559,651,667,683,940,954,1038,1113],"receiving":[48],"great":[49],"attention":[50],"for":[51,135,796,1056,1123,1127,1236,1259,1266],"its":[52,185,318],"key":[53],"role":[54,298,340,518],"neuropathology.":[57],"Both":[58],"genetic":[59],"mutations":[60],"post-translational":[62],"modifications":[63],"(i.e.,":[64,885,1160],"phosphorylation)":[66],"can":[67,388,440,640],"induce":[68],"protein":[69,89,351,353,1213,1215],"misfolding.":[70],"An":[71],"abnormal":[72],"accumulation":[73],"crushes":[78],"both":[79,410,981],"ubiquitin-proteosome":[81],"autophagy":[83],"systems,":[84],"which":[85,682,739,976,1241],"involved":[87,1156],"clearance.":[90],"As":[91,406,674,1061],"result,":[93],"leads":[96,1151],"to":[97,141,145,201,307,414,454,470,474,484,493,556,624,713,737,918,939,1029,1071,1085,1095,1102,1152,1173],"neuronal":[98,670,685,919],"dysfunction":[99,1170],"neurodegeneration.":[101],"Along":[102],"with":[103,208,317,433,591,666,1002,1245],"pathological":[105,463],"condition,":[106],"dysregulated":[107],"mitochondrial":[108],"activity,":[109,827],"reactive":[110,895],"oxygen":[111,896],"species":[112,302,897],"production,":[113,898],"oxidative":[114,900],"stress,":[115],"blood-brain":[117],"barrier":[118],"alteration,":[119],"typical":[121],"features":[122],"neurological":[124],"disorders":[125],"such":[126],"as":[127,151,943,1184],"PD.":[128,673,714],"addition,":[130],"neuroinflammatory":[131],"processes":[132,882],"critical":[134],"pathogenesis":[137],"strictly":[139,664,937],"interconnected":[140],"pathology.":[143,941],"According":[144],"this,":[146],"neuroinflammation":[147,718,730,926,1191],"could":[148,708,842,904,927,1024,1117,1181],"be":[149,308,641,843,905,928,1025,1118,1182],"considered":[150,929,1120,1183],"potential":[153],"early":[154,537,978,992,1027,1088],"drug":[155],"target.":[156],"primary":[158],"hallmark":[159],"\u03b1-syn,":[163,503],"one":[164,189,1044],"main":[167],"components":[168],"Lewy":[170],"bodies.":[171],"Cardinale":[172],"et":[173,225,245,291,324,360,378,421,532,696,819,922,951,1034],"al.":[174,379,422,533],"(2021)":[175,380,423,534],"have":[176,196,424,512,966],"shown":[177,425],"how":[178,367,558,690],"mapping":[179],"journey":[181],"region-dependent":[186],"effects":[187],"stumbling":[192],"blocks":[193],"that":[194,426,571,643,750,915],"researchers":[195],"encountered":[197],"over":[198],"years":[200,770,798],"explain":[202],"if":[203,867],"neurodegeneration":[204,732,790,1189],"closely":[206],"intertwined":[207],"forms.":[211],"spreading":[213],"through":[217],"brain":[219,251,832,903],"depends":[220],"on":[221,729],"progression":[223,286],"(Braak":[224],"al.,":[226,246,292,325,361,697,820,923,952,1035],"2003).":[227],"highly":[230],"expressed":[231],"other":[239,329,407],"regions":[240],"affected":[241],"by":[242,347,489,530,650,681,975,1009,1136,1220],"(Calabresi":[244],"2014).":[247],"normal":[250],"rhesus":[254],"monkey,":[255],"largely":[258],"distributed":[259],"whole":[262],"brain;":[263],"nigra,":[268],"hippocampus,":[270],"neocortex":[273],"express":[274],"high":[275],"levels":[277],"they":[279],"also":[281,305,998],"notably":[282],"vulnerable":[283],"idiopathic":[288],"(Yang":[290],"2021).":[293,362,698,781,924],"topic":[295],"concerning":[296],"different":[301,653],"seems":[306,467],"rather":[309],"controversial.":[310],"toxicity":[312,396],"associated":[316,665],"oligomeric":[319],"protofibrillar":[321,500],"forms":[322,564],"(Bras":[323],"2020).":[326],"On":[327,599],"hand,":[330],"there":[331,1078],"controversial":[333],"physiological":[337,390,852],"monomer":[339],"presynaptic":[343,438,1149],"vesicle":[344,418,442],"formation":[345],"mediated":[346],"soluble":[348],"N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive":[349,1211],"fusion":[350,443,1212],"attachment":[352,1214],"receptor":[354],"(SNARE)":[355],"complex":[356,1162],"neurotransmission":[358],"(Calo":[359],"molecular":[364],"mechanisms":[365],"underlying":[366],"oligomers":[369,398,413,491,955],"drive":[370],"death":[372,630,773,804,920,1058],"remain":[375],"unclear.":[376],"Yoo":[377,420],"recently":[381],"proposed":[382],"an":[383,609,613,657,1026,1087],"interesting":[384],"original":[386],"question:":[387],"function":[391],"monomers":[393,411,435],"influence":[399],"synaptic":[400,523,893,1158,1169],"transmission":[401,524,1159],"correlative":[404],"way?":[405],"studies":[408,511,736],"report,":[409],"combine":[415],"inhibit":[416,441],"SNARE-mediated":[417],"fusion.":[419],"low":[428],"concentration":[429],"oligomers,":[431],"together":[432,590],"abundant":[434],"at":[436,540,582,602,652,1147],"terminals,":[439],"efficiently.":[444],"This":[445,1050],"ambitious":[446],"work":[447,949,1217],"sets":[448],"prospects":[450],"no":[451],"longer":[452],"directed":[453],"singular":[456],"study":[457,529],"specific":[460,645],"form":[461,501,521],"\u03b1-syn.":[464],"Therefore,":[465,836,1020],"it":[466,639,746],"necessary":[468],"not":[469],"exclude":[471],"any":[472],"factor":[473],"investigate":[475],"what":[476],"may":[477],"occur":[478],"their":[480],"interactions,":[481],"order":[483,1094],"understand":[485,738],"pathology":[487,668],"generated":[488,734],"develop":[494,1103],"improved":[495],"therapeutic":[496,1089],"strategies.":[497],"Regarding":[498],"ten":[507],"several":[509,797],"experimental":[510],"increasingly":[513],"enhanced":[514],"understanding":[515],"plasticity.":[526,567],"A":[527],"recent":[528],"Tozzi":[531],"identified":[535],"two":[536,742],"time":[538,654],"points,":[539],"6":[541,583],"weeks":[542,545,584,604],"12":[544,603],"after":[546],"protofibril":[547],"intrastriatal":[549],"injection":[550],"adult":[552],"male":[553],"Wistar":[554],"rats,":[555,626],"clarify":[557],"induces":[560],"alterations":[561],"distinct":[563],"corticostriatal":[566],"authors":[569],"found":[570],"spontaneous":[573],"firing":[574,611],"rate":[575],"was":[576,588,988,997,1218,1242],"absent":[577],"cells":[580,633,826,847,858,996],"recorded":[581],"post-injection,":[585,605],"long-term":[586,615],"potentiation":[587],"blocked,":[589],"reduction":[593],"dopamine":[595,621,808],"release":[596,622,890,1200],"striatum.":[598],"contrary,":[601],"showed":[608],"increased":[610,1165],"rate,":[612],"impaired":[614],"depression,":[616],"decrease":[619],"compared":[623],"sham-operated":[625],"when":[627,757,789,837],"marked":[629],"TH+":[632],"arose.":[634],"From":[635],"latest":[637],"study,":[638],"inferred":[642],"mechanism":[646,680,1134],"neurotoxicity":[648],"induced":[649,1135],"points":[655],"remains":[656],"open":[658],"field":[659],"exploration.":[661],"Neuroinflammation":[662],"degeneration":[671,761,1174],"mentioned":[675],"previously,":[676],"we":[677,944],"described":[678],"alters":[684],"functions":[686],"causes":[692],"inflammation":[693],"signs":[694,1005],"(Cardinale":[695,950],"Which":[699,715],"came":[700,716,743],"first,":[701,717],"chicken":[703],"or":[704,719,1109],"egg?":[706],"We":[707,1254,1262],"extend":[709],"ancient":[711],"paradox":[712],"cell":[721,934],"death?":[722],"Over":[723],"many":[724,735,769,880],"long":[727],"debate":[728],"first.":[744],"Nowadays,":[745],"generally":[748],"accepted":[749],"innate":[752,983],"immune":[753,829,846,986,1022,1207],"system":[754,830,841,871,1023],"activated":[756],"plasticity":[758],"alteration":[759,1163],"terminals":[764],"striatum":[767],"occur,":[768],"before":[771],"Substantia":[775],"Nigra":[776],"(Harry,":[780],"Indeed,":[782,942],"onset":[784],"symptoms":[787],"appears":[788],"already":[792,801],"been":[793],"progress":[795],"caused":[802],"50%":[806],"70\u201380%":[814],"fibers":[817],"(Parnetti":[818],"2019).":[821,1036],"By":[822],"means":[823,1010],"microglia":[825,1197],"keeps":[831],"health":[833],"under":[834,906],"control.":[835],"central":[839,869],"nervous":[840,870],"danger,":[845],"activate":[848],"pro-inflammatory":[849,910,1115],"processes.":[850],"conditions,":[853],"activation":[855,908,960,979,993,1204],"microglial":[857,995],"dynamic":[861],"adopting":[862],"anti-inflammatory":[865],"phenotype":[866],"environment":[872],"safe.":[874],"context,":[878,1077],"where":[879],"biological":[881],"modified":[884],"altered":[886],"ATP":[887],"production":[888],"neurotransmitters,":[892],"loss,":[894],"stress),":[901],"chronic":[907],"mechanisms,":[911],"producing":[912],"detrimental":[913,1051],"effects,":[914],"ultimately":[916],"lead":[917],"(Picca":[921],"Thus,":[925],"trigger":[931],"related":[938],"discussed":[945],"our":[947],"previous":[948],"2021),":[953],"fibrils":[957],"cause":[958],"glial":[962],"cells.":[963],"Several":[964],"works":[965],"highlighted":[967],"process,":[969],"particularly":[970],"protein-based":[972],"animal":[973],"models,":[974],"adaptive":[985,1206],"systems":[987],"demonstrated.":[989],"Moreover,":[990,1178],"demonstrated":[999],"patients":[1001],"prodromal":[1003],"(rapid-eye-movement":[1006],"sleep":[1007],"disorders)":[1008],"positron":[1012],"emission":[1013],"tomography":[1014],"analysis":[1015],"(Ferreira":[1016],"Romero-Ramos,":[1018],"2018).":[1019],"target":[1028,1090],"ameliorate":[1030],"prognosis":[1032],"(Krashia":[1033],"Misfolded":[1037],"inflammatory":[1040,1133],"response":[1041],"act":[1042],"alongside":[1043],"another":[1045],"providing":[1046],"phenotype.":[1049],"relationship":[1052],"provides":[1053],"fertile":[1054],"ground":[1055],"cellular":[1057],"(Figure":[1059],"1).":[1060],"well":[1063],"known,":[1064],"currently,":[1065],"available":[1066],"treatments":[1067],"only":[1069],"used":[1070],"reduce":[1072],"symptoms.":[1073],"Furthermore,":[1074],"urgency":[1081],"challenge":[1084,1125],"find":[1086],"and/or":[1091],"biomarkers":[1092],"assist":[1096],"diagnosis":[1098],"prognostication":[1100],"drugs,":[1105],"capable":[1106],"delaying":[1108],"stopping":[1110],"disease.":[1112],"agents":[1116],"still":[1119],"powerful":[1121],"candidates":[1122],"looking":[1126],"personalized":[1129],"therapies.Figure":[1130],"1:":[1131],"accumulation.Formation":[1138],"toxic":[1140],"\u03b1-synuclein":[1141,1179],"(PD),":[1145],"specifically":[1146],"terminal,":[1150],"changes":[1153],"proteins":[1155],"SNARE":[1161],"glutamate":[1166],"release),":[1167],"determining":[1168],"contributing":[1172],"neurons.":[1177],"causal":[1186],"link":[1187],"between":[1188],"PD,":[1193],"inducing":[1194],"astrocyte":[1195],"reaction,":[1198],"consequent":[1199],"cytokines":[1202],"system.":[1208],"SNARE:":[1209],"Soluble":[1210],"receptor.This":[1216],"grant":[1222],"from":[1223,1247],"NYU":[1224],"Grossman":[1225],"School":[1226],"Medicine":[1228],"Marlene":[1231,1248],"Paolo":[1233,1250],"Fresco":[1234,1251],"Institute":[1235],"Movement":[1239],"Disorders,":[1240],"made":[1243],"possible":[1244],"support":[1246],"(to":[1252],"AC).":[1253],"thank":[1255,1263],"Antonio":[1256],"de":[1257],"Iure":[1258],"figure":[1260],"illustration.":[1261],"Barbara":[1264],"Picconi":[1265],"her":[1267],"constant":[1268],"support.":[1269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-07-10T00:00:00"}
