{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283780352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775","title":"Investigating grit in second language learning: The role of individual difference factors and background variables","display_name":"Investigating grit in second language learning: The role of individual difference factors and background variables","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283780352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/13621688221105775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179605291","display_name":"Language Teaching Research","issn_l":"1362-1688","issn":["1362-1688","1477-0954"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Teaching Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.60629/pzed-1d30","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054865304","display_name":"Miros\u0142aw Pawlak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-355X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-355X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59411706","display_name":"Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144","ror":"https://ror.org/04g6bbq64","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59411706"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miros\u0142aw Pawlak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland; University of Applied Sciences, Konin, Poland","Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-355X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland; University of Applied Sciences, Konin, Poland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59411706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073171936","display_name":"Kata Csiz\u00e9r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-8142","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-8142"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106118109","display_name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jsq2704","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kata Csiz\u00e9r","raw_affiliation_strings":["E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076159734","display_name":"Mariusz Kruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-1966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-1966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","display_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzm7v55","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariusz Kruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-1966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034789696","display_name":"Joanna Zawodniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-145X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-145X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","display_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzm7v55","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Zawodniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-145X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076159734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"],"apc_list":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99188703,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"5","first_page":"2093","last_page":"2118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grit","display_name":"grit","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-acquisition","display_name":"second language acquisition","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intended-effort","display_name":"intended effort","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polish-students","display_name":"Polish students","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-learning-motivation","display_name":"language learning motivation","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162451180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4453370","display_name":"Grit","level":2,"score":0.9878454208374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7600394487380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33435437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366791","display_name":"Curiosity","level":2,"score":0.6565436720848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.6169831156730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5061797499656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.49234044551849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42915087938308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.39935359358787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3318702280521393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.32832562923431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.32572728395462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11649790406227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11207711696624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/13621688221105775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179605291","display_name":"Language Teaching Research","issn_l":"1362-1688","issn":["1362-1688","1477-0954"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Teaching Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.60629/pzed-1d30","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60629/pzed-1d30","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60629/pzed-1d30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050538","display_name":"AMURED","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.60629/pzed-1d30","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60629/pzed-1d30","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60629/pzed-1d30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050538","display_name":"AMURED","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91517018","https://openalex.org/W128472000","https://openalex.org/W785587652","https://openalex.org/W888677017","https://openalex.org/W1485700488","https://openalex.org/W1510685136","https://openalex.org/W1603908535","https://openalex.org/W1623643945","https://openalex.org/W1746951143","https://openalex.org/W1803084058","https://openalex.org/W1881771403","https://openalex.org/W1882172219","https://openalex.org/W1981045396","https://openalex.org/W1994936072","https://openalex.org/W2001841402","https://openalex.org/W2009781441","https://openalex.org/W2013183177","https://openalex.org/W2017816177","https://openalex.org/W2018765701","https://openalex.org/W2020675527","https://openalex.org/W2030498870","https://openalex.org/W2035568728","https://openalex.org/W2036149274","https://openalex.org/W2043371315","https://openalex.org/W2044665411","https://openalex.org/W2058495902","https://openalex.org/W2066624926","https://openalex.org/W2093761921","https://openalex.org/W2107615426","https://openalex.org/W2117535423","https://openalex.org/W2122014897","https://openalex.org/W2124812340","https://openalex.org/W2140173604","https://openalex.org/W2156292968","https://openalex.org/W2170021030","https://openalex.org/W2342286766","https://openalex.org/W2436336594","https://openalex.org/W2484231675","https://openalex.org/W2493105454","https://openalex.org/W2588952674","https://openalex.org/W2598113640","https://openalex.org/W2601118348","https://openalex.org/W2618915548","https://openalex.org/W2681291127","https://openalex.org/W2723638148","https://openalex.org/W2733530746","https://openalex.org/W2740248609","https://openalex.org/W2766320939","https://openalex.org/W2782471811","https://openalex.org/W2795202820","https://openalex.org/W2799282198","https://openalex.org/W2800121839","https://openalex.org/W2800880283","https://openalex.org/W2801885291","https://openalex.org/W2808691595","https://openalex.org/W2809350541","https://openalex.org/W2890045690","https://openalex.org/W2897853308","https://openalex.org/W2900488460","https://openalex.org/W2900995365","https://openalex.org/W2907972239","https://openalex.org/W2917548179","https://openalex.org/W2937156297","https://openalex.org/W2953076552","https://openalex.org/W2953358504","https://openalex.org/W2969316637","https://openalex.org/W2980941332","https://openalex.org/W2992241703","https://openalex.org/W2996149942","https://openalex.org/W3001861118","https://openalex.org/W3002481408","https://openalex.org/W3003437656","https://openalex.org/W3011367329","https://openalex.org/W3013020948","https://openalex.org/W3020771887","https://openalex.org/W3022193178","https://openalex.org/W3028950870","https://openalex.org/W3035510133","https://openalex.org/W3048529839","https://openalex.org/W3061255353","https://openalex.org/W3090236925","https://openalex.org/W3096570750","https://openalex.org/W3096782588","https://openalex.org/W3100112528","https://openalex.org/W3112450135","https://openalex.org/W3120466060","https://openalex.org/W3125755191","https://openalex.org/W3161995211","https://openalex.org/W3162673116","https://openalex.org/W3163655275","https://openalex.org/W3178044720","https://openalex.org/W3197529009","https://openalex.org/W3209961687","https://openalex.org/W3211104544","https://openalex.org/W4200023276","https://openalex.org/W4200215559","https://openalex.org/W4200434751","https://openalex.org/W4213009969","https://openalex.org/W4235863708","https://openalex.org/W4252548314","https://openalex.org/W4255706193","https://openalex.org/W4292309271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166748872","https://openalex.org/W4200362945","https://openalex.org/W3028950870","https://openalex.org/W4386377090","https://openalex.org/W4309440870","https://openalex.org/W3048529839","https://openalex.org/W7163682182","https://openalex.org/W3152823030","https://openalex.org/W7116763441","https://openalex.org/W4200215559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grit":[0],"is":[1,29,158,197,213],"among":[2,79],"the":[3,13,37,69,77,117,139,172,175,192],"individual":[4],"difference":[5],"(ID)":[6],"variables":[7],"that":[8,39,88,153,194],"have":[9,42],"recently":[10],"come":[11],"to":[12,53,63,215],"attention":[14],"of":[15,36,71,84,111,162,177],"researchers":[16],"investigating":[17],"second":[18,55],"language":[19,94,98,155],"acquisition.":[20],"While":[21],"some":[22],"empirical":[23],"evidence":[24],"has":[25,75],"been":[26],"accumulated,":[27],"it":[28,212],"clearly":[30],"scant":[31],"and":[32,81,97,113,126,211],"limited,":[33],"also":[34],"because":[35],"fact":[38],"many":[40],"studies":[41],"looked":[43],"into":[44],"domain-general":[45,90],"grit":[46,80,164,169,196],"rather":[47],"than":[48],"this":[49,65],"attribute":[50],"as":[51,101,103,107,130,132,188],"related":[52],"learning":[54,95,99,116,156],"or":[56],"foreign":[57],"languages.":[58],"The":[59,149,185],"present":[60],"article":[61],"seeks":[62],"fill":[64],"gap":[66],"by":[67,183],"reporting":[68],"findings":[70],"a":[72,82,159,189],"study":[73,112],"which":[74],"investigated":[76],"relationships":[78],"number":[83],"other":[85],"ID":[86],"factors,":[87],"is,":[89],"grit,":[91,201],"intended":[92],"effort,":[93],"enjoyment,":[96],"curiosity,":[100],"well":[102,131],"background":[104],"variables,":[105],"such":[106],"age,":[108],"gender,":[109],"year":[110],"experience":[114],"in":[115,147,174],"target":[118],"language.":[119],"Correlational":[120],"analyses,":[121,123],"regression":[122],"independent":[124],"samples":[125],"paired":[127],"t":[128],"-tests,":[129],"one":[133],"way":[134],"ANOVAs":[135],"were":[136],"run":[137],"on":[138],"data":[140],"collected":[141],"from":[142,199],"99":[143],"Polish":[144],"students":[145],"majoring":[146],"English.":[148],"main":[150],"finding":[151],"was":[152],"while":[154],"enjoyment":[157],"direct":[160],"predictor":[161],"L2":[163,195],"for":[165,191,206],"younger":[166],"students,":[167,179],"general":[168,200],"only":[170],"enters":[171],"picture":[173],"case":[176],"older":[178],"being":[180,209],"itself":[181],"predicted":[182],"enjoyment.":[184],"results":[186],"serve":[187],"basis":[190],"assumption":[193],"distinct":[198],"its":[202],"levels":[203],"may":[204],"differ":[205],"different":[207],"languages":[208],"learnt":[210],"likely":[214],"be":[216],"malleable.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2022-07-03T00:00:00"}