{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283758680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","title":"Estimation of Solar Radiation on a PV Panel Surface with an Optimal Tilt Angle Using Electric Charged Particles Optimization","display_name":"Estimation of Solar Radiation on a PV Panel Surface with an Optimal Tilt Angle Using Electric Charged Particles Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283758680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11132056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/13/2056/pdf?version=1656580657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/13/2056/pdf?version=1656580657","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012807158","display_name":"Muhammad Saud Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-4107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-4107"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Saud Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-4107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050188706","display_name":"Makbul A.M. Ramli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-0377","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-0377"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makbul A. M. Ramli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-0377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039116870","display_name":"Hatem F. Sindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-6148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-6148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatem Faiz Sindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-6148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085634755","display_name":"Taufal Hidayat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-2929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-2929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taufal Hidayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065534050","display_name":"Houssem R. E. H. Bouchekara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-990X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-990X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112337","display_name":"University of Hafr Al-Batin","ror":"https://ror.org/021jt1927","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112337"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houssem R. E. H. Bouchekara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-990X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012807158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":0.9456,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68639863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"13","first_page":"2056","last_page":"2056"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-radiation-estimation","display_name":"solar radiation estimation","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-tilt-angle","display_name":"optimal tilt angle","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-panel-performance","display_name":"photovoltaic panel performance","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-solar-radiation-models","display_name":"empirical solar radiation models","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dhahran","display_name":"Dhahran","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mecca","display_name":"Mecca","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6697317361831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.6259118318557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779844322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919140","display_name":"Tilt (camera)","level":2,"score":0.5709178447723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.542277455329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.512050449848175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.49780869483947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3568676710128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2683553397655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14746907353401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1362050473690033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07115590572357178}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11132056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/13/2056/pdf?version=1656580657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b61d40a9d308486b8ff52ab7b59b9823","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b61d40a9d308486b8ff52ab7b59b9823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronics, Vol 11, Iss 2056, p 2056 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics11132056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132056","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/13/2056/pdf?version=1656580657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2595905400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IFPRC-190-135-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283758680.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283758680.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939795359","https://openalex.org/W1964176068","https://openalex.org/W1965043343","https://openalex.org/W1971961895","https://openalex.org/W1976601778","https://openalex.org/W1981879115","https://openalex.org/W1988641239","https://openalex.org/W1992793983","https://openalex.org/W1994021120","https://openalex.org/W1997215011","https://openalex.org/W2001739176","https://openalex.org/W2007952998","https://openalex.org/W2010000686","https://openalex.org/W2016629849","https://openalex.org/W2019848964","https://openalex.org/W2020399417","https://openalex.org/W2021618835","https://openalex.org/W2022853951","https://openalex.org/W2030216404","https://openalex.org/W2033991935","https://openalex.org/W2040402389","https://openalex.org/W2043113591","https://openalex.org/W2053313434","https://openalex.org/W2053812432","https://openalex.org/W2071124128","https://openalex.org/W2076409253","https://openalex.org/W2081398808","https://openalex.org/W2086422775","https://openalex.org/W2090772371","https://openalex.org/W2099509205","https://openalex.org/W2124018365","https://openalex.org/W2125766044","https://openalex.org/W2149877965","https://openalex.org/W2150450436","https://openalex.org/W2293835356","https://openalex.org/W2483099518","https://openalex.org/W2606169443","https://openalex.org/W2607492543","https://openalex.org/W2621808416","https://openalex.org/W2750975742","https://openalex.org/W2763133679","https://openalex.org/W2765435620","https://openalex.org/W2770724199","https://openalex.org/W2801455285","https://openalex.org/W2988957632","https://openalex.org/W3081185251","https://openalex.org/W3091179297","https://openalex.org/W3126907133","https://openalex.org/W3205898283","https://openalex.org/W3210397240","https://openalex.org/W4226444216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802578032","https://openalex.org/W2483099518","https://openalex.org/W2019848964","https://openalex.org/W2581170377","https://openalex.org/W4312857718","https://openalex.org/W3004404525","https://openalex.org/W4404693265","https://openalex.org/W4412161807","https://openalex.org/W4311841048","https://openalex.org/W2780732104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solar":[0],"energy":[1,6,16,63],"is":[2,107,113],"a":[3,22,83],"promising":[4],"renewable":[5],"source":[7],"that":[8,220],"can":[9],"fulfill":[10],"the":[11,27,30,52,56,69,80,94,104,117,120,126,134,140,149,161,168,181,190,198,202,207,214],"world\u2019s":[12],"current":[13],"and":[14,50,75,100,125,192,209],"future":[15],"needs.":[17],"The":[18,35,109,155,177],"angle":[19,97,112],"at":[20,193],"which":[21],"photovoltaic":[23],"(PV)":[24],"panel":[25,106],"faces":[26],"horizon":[28],"determines":[29],"incidence":[31],"of":[32,55,73,82,103,119,184,205],"solar":[33,37,62,150,164,171,187,226],"radiation.":[34,130],"incident":[36],"radiation":[38,124,151,165,172,188,227],"on":[39,152,167],"PV":[40,57,88,105],"panels":[41],"could":[42],"be":[43],"optimized":[44],"by":[45,115,138],"adjusting":[46],"their":[47],"tilt":[48,96,111],"angles":[49],"increasing":[51],"power":[53],"output":[54],"array.":[58],"In":[59,196],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"model-based":[64],"research":[65,132],"was":[66],"conducted":[67],"in":[68,90,174,189],"Saudi":[70],"Arabian":[71],"cities":[72],"Dhahran":[74],"Makkah.":[76],"This":[77,131],"study":[78],"investigated":[79],"performance":[81,101],"1":[84],"kW":[85],"monocrystalline":[86],"silicon":[87],"array":[89],"these":[91,175],"cities.":[92,176],"Analyzing":[93],"optimal":[95,110],"for":[98],"efficiency":[99],"improvement":[102],"challenging.":[108],"determined":[114],"combining":[116],"data":[118],"Sun\u2019s":[121],"diffuse,":[122],"direct":[123],"global":[127,162],"horizontal":[128,163,229],"Sun":[129],"examined":[133],"four":[135],"empirical":[136],"models":[137,218],"applying":[139],"electric":[141],"charged":[142],"particle":[143],"optimization":[144],"(ECPO)":[145],"algorithm":[146],"to":[147,160],"estimate":[148],"sloped":[153],"surfaces.":[154],"model\u2019s":[156],"results":[157,204],"were":[158],"compared":[159],"based":[166],"daily":[169],"mean":[170],"value":[173],"Hay\u2013Davies\u2013Klucher\u2013Reindel":[178],"model":[179,200],"presented":[180],"maximum":[182],"amount":[183],"tilted":[185,221],"surface":[186],"year":[191],"different":[194],"periods.":[195],"contrast,":[197],"Badescu":[199],"exhibited":[201],"weakest":[203],"all":[206,217],"isotropic":[208],"anisotropic":[210],"models.":[211],"Finally,":[212],"using":[213],"ECPO":[215],"algorithm,":[216],"indicated":[219],"surfaces":[222,230],"(IT)":[223],"received":[224],"more":[225],"than":[228],"(Ig).":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-07-02T00:00:00"}
