{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283757623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","title":"Socio-Economic Factors and Water Footprint in Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in Zimbabwe","display_name":"Socio-Economic Factors and Water Footprint in Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in Zimbabwe","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283757623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14132101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2101/pdf?version=1656595413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2101/pdf?version=1656595413","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065534855","display_name":"Liboster Mwadzingeni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-7010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-7010"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liboster Mwadzingeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-7010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084504118","display_name":"Raymond Mugandani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-4170","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-4170"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72341686","display_name":"Midlands State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gv1gw80","country_code":"ZW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72341686"]}],"countries":["ZW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Mugandani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources Management, Midlands State University, Gweru 9055, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-4170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources Management, Midlands State University, Gweru 9055, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72341686"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051095383","display_name":"Paramu Mafongoya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-7767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-7767"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paramu L. Mafongoya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065534855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"fwci":0.5019,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61202762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"13","first_page":"2101","last_page":"2101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.5776000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.5776000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.1468999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.05220000073313713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-water-footprint","display_name":"crop water footprint","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-irrigation","display_name":"smallholder irrigation","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-factors","display_name":"socioeconomic factors","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-education","display_name":"farmer education","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender","display_name":"gender","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-stress","display_name":"water stress","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-water-use","display_name":"sustainable water use","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"food security","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zimbabwe","display_name":"Zimbabwe","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.6297314167022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.6109121441841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149207113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534","display_name":"Water use","level":2,"score":0.46482211351394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4596829414367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.45161110162734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.43066778779029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4042437672615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.39001768827438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.38551607728004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.35080963373184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3412310481071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3045163154602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22044500708580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.17428958415985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08247745037078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14132101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2101/pdf?version=1656595413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1cd07afd6ccf4f1fb3a1c23c04f45a8b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1cd07afd6ccf4f1fb3a1c23c04f45a8b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water, Vol 14, Iss 13, p 2101 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14132101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/13/2101/pdf?version=1656595413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504759749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"86893","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283757623.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283757623.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W301062985","https://openalex.org/W1972979361","https://openalex.org/W2025091305","https://openalex.org/W2050511053","https://openalex.org/W2060529958","https://openalex.org/W2080103652","https://openalex.org/W2096829520","https://openalex.org/W2130426545","https://openalex.org/W2132120729","https://openalex.org/W2136979549","https://openalex.org/W2145274077","https://openalex.org/W2154994058","https://openalex.org/W2372310086","https://openalex.org/W2401600874","https://openalex.org/W2591121333","https://openalex.org/W2593519339","https://openalex.org/W2766258072","https://openalex.org/W2773744216","https://openalex.org/W2807142028","https://openalex.org/W2888800642","https://openalex.org/W2919539284","https://openalex.org/W2921533348","https://openalex.org/W2961084243","https://openalex.org/W2965346487","https://openalex.org/W2966722893","https://openalex.org/W2969980656","https://openalex.org/W2976392884","https://openalex.org/W2979579880","https://openalex.org/W2998663858","https://openalex.org/W3010685316","https://openalex.org/W3038023089","https://openalex.org/W3080783276","https://openalex.org/W3082726928","https://openalex.org/W3088215233","https://openalex.org/W3091643170","https://openalex.org/W3106368389","https://openalex.org/W3106478133","https://openalex.org/W3106866384","https://openalex.org/W3111888300","https://openalex.org/W3119386923","https://openalex.org/W3130677421","https://openalex.org/W3153122748","https://openalex.org/W3155391436","https://openalex.org/W3162082485","https://openalex.org/W3176493254","https://openalex.org/W4249907379","https://openalex.org/W4405139290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2577575833","https://openalex.org/W1422450837","https://openalex.org/W2580550322","https://openalex.org/W2259259767","https://openalex.org/W2554484998","https://openalex.org/W193511758","https://openalex.org/W2603274685","https://openalex.org/W1521100780","https://openalex.org/W2154994058","https://openalex.org/W2994088825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,12,20,41,48,83,89,116,131,149,163],"need":[2],"to":[3,46],"grow":[4],"crops":[5],"with":[6],"low":[7],"water":[8,14,25,167],"consumption":[9,165],"needs,":[10],"given":[11],"increasing":[13],"stress":[15],"across":[16],"many":[17],"regions":[18],"of":[19,23,43,65,88,133,151,166],"globe,":[21],"assessments":[22],"crop":[24,55,169],"footprint":[26],"(WFP)":[27],"values":[28],"have":[29,142],"not":[30],"received":[31],"significant":[32],"research":[33],"attention":[34],"in":[35,61,71,74,77,86,175],"Zimbabwe.":[36,62],"This":[37,146],"unique":[38],"study":[39,147],"is":[40],"first":[42],"its":[44],"kind":[45],"assess":[47],"mediation":[49],"effect":[50,114],"between":[51,118],"socio-economic":[52,152],"factors":[53,153],"and":[54,101,121,137,140,156,173],"WFP":[56,155],"among":[57],"smallholder":[58],"irrigation":[59],"schemes":[60,70],"A":[63],"total":[64],"317":[66],"farmers":[67],"from":[68],"three":[69],"Midlands":[72],"Province":[73],"Zimbabwe":[75],"participated":[76],"this":[78],"study.":[79],"The":[80],"following":[81],"were":[82],"main":[84],"findings":[85],"terms":[87],"examined":[90],"variables:":[91],"(1)":[92],"Schemes":[93],"(p":[94,98,103],"<":[95,99,104],"0.01),":[96],"Gender":[97],"0.05),":[100],"Maint":[102,134,139],"0.1)":[105],"all":[106],"decreased":[107],"WFP_Maize;":[108,122,136],"(2)":[109],"education":[110,125],"showed":[111],"a":[112,127,143,176],"reduction":[113],"on":[115,130,135,154],"link":[117],"scheme":[119],"maintenance":[120],"(3)":[123],"secondary":[124],"has":[126,157],"higher":[128],"impact":[129],"magnitude":[132],"(4)":[138],"WFP_Maize":[141],"positive":[144],"correlation.":[145],"illustrates":[148],"interaction":[150],"substantial":[158],"implications":[159],"for":[160,168],"simultaneously":[161],"addressing":[162],"sustainable":[164],"production,":[170],"food":[171],"security,":[172],"malnutrition":[174],"changing":[177],"climate.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-07-02T00:00:00"}