{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283466580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","title":"Weeding Effectiveness and Changes in Soil Physical Properties Using Inter-Row Hoeing and a Robot","display_name":"Weeding Effectiveness and Changes in Soil Physical Properties Using Inter-Row Hoeing and a Robot","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283466580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12071514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/7/1514/pdf?version=1656054493","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/7/1514/pdf?version=1656054493","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002043617","display_name":"Indr\u0117 Bru\u010dien\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5120-026X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5120-026X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188730046","display_name":"Vytautas Magnus University","ror":"https://ror.org/04y7eh037","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Indr\u0117 Bru\u010dien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Str. 15A, Kaunas Distr., LT 53362 Akademija, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5120-026X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Str. 15A, Kaunas Distr., LT 53362 Akademija, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002960499","display_name":"Sidona Buragien\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-2644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-2644"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188730046","display_name":"Vytautas Magnus University","ror":"https://ror.org/04y7eh037","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidona Buragien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Str. 15A, Kaunas Distr., LT 53362 Akademija, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Str. 15A, Kaunas Distr., LT 53362 Akademija, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002005629","display_name":"Egidijus \u0160arauskis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-769X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-769X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188730046","display_name":"Vytautas Magnus University","ror":"https://ror.org/04y7eh037","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egidijus \u0160arauskis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Str. 15A, Kaunas Distr., LT 53362 Akademija, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-769X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu Str. 15A, Kaunas Distr., LT 53362 Akademija, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002043617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188730046"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":2.3548,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87981822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"7","first_page":"1514","last_page":"1514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10774","display_name":"Weed Control and Herbicide Applications","score":0.7842000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10774","display_name":"Weed Control and Herbicide Applications","score":0.7842000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12792","display_name":"Soil Management and Crop Yield","score":0.0997999981045723,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12201","display_name":"Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization","score":0.08470000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotic-weed-control","display_name":"robotic weed control","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-weed-control","display_name":"mechanical weed control","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sugar-beet","display_name":"sugar beet","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-physical-properties","display_name":"soil physical properties","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-bulk-density","display_name":"soil bulk density","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-penetration-resistance","display_name":"soil penetration resistance","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"soil moisture","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-temperature","display_name":"soil temperature","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-row-cultivation","display_name":"inter-row cultivation","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-agriculture","display_name":"ecological agriculture","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weed-control-efficacy","display_name":"weed control efficacy","score":0.8339999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147273371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2739141","display_name":"Weed control","level":2,"score":0.8263590335845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775891814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101879","display_name":"Weed","level":2,"score":0.7905392646789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.601883590221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.5324788093566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776936025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151964","display_name":"Sugar beet","level":2,"score":0.5217936038970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5176470875740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.41509726643562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33317601680755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.20451408624649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11488652229309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12071514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/7/1514/pdf?version=1656054493","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2dea6c67220f4c5f99b92940c23f06d0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2dea6c67220f4c5f99b92940c23f06d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy, Vol 12, Iss 7, p 1514 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vdu.lt:20.500.12259/240326","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055361","display_name":"Vytautas Magnus University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12071514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/7/1514/pdf?version=1656054493","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.9599999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283466580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283466580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17689443","https://openalex.org/W94542441","https://openalex.org/W1482827714","https://openalex.org/W1488154820","https://openalex.org/W1525257406","https://openalex.org/W1759751896","https://openalex.org/W1901647777","https://openalex.org/W1975022086","https://openalex.org/W1983655264","https://openalex.org/W1992118836","https://openalex.org/W1999090758","https://openalex.org/W2002922018","https://openalex.org/W2004287597","https://openalex.org/W2015703365","https://openalex.org/W2018151819","https://openalex.org/W2032597509","https://openalex.org/W2035759078","https://openalex.org/W2037201351","https://openalex.org/W2039005832","https://openalex.org/W2041911296","https://openalex.org/W2049299091","https://openalex.org/W2057600646","https://openalex.org/W2063339119","https://openalex.org/W2067882614","https://openalex.org/W2071128323","https://openalex.org/W2076743600","https://openalex.org/W2077200235","https://openalex.org/W2078192021","https://openalex.org/W2086569847","https://openalex.org/W2087916365","https://openalex.org/W2092603951","https://openalex.org/W2113047066","https://openalex.org/W2143807717","https://openalex.org/W2152525636","https://openalex.org/W2159377971","https://openalex.org/W2185236817","https://openalex.org/W2270283947","https://openalex.org/W2286342517","https://openalex.org/W2433258447","https://openalex.org/W2465049233","https://openalex.org/W2520364485","https://openalex.org/W2526091306","https://openalex.org/W2562577983","https://openalex.org/W2566317116","https://openalex.org/W2593562831","https://openalex.org/W2621041003","https://openalex.org/W2623225060","https://openalex.org/W2737250466","https://openalex.org/W2747551672","https://openalex.org/W2757153082","https://openalex.org/W2765221903","https://openalex.org/W2768584694","https://openalex.org/W2773224071","https://openalex.org/W2889730635","https://openalex.org/W3013472815","https://openalex.org/W3025527261","https://openalex.org/W3044381974","https://openalex.org/W3095583756","https://openalex.org/W3112915832","https://openalex.org/W3140871546","https://openalex.org/W3178037869","https://openalex.org/W3179209148","https://openalex.org/W3193049125","https://openalex.org/W3206515017","https://openalex.org/W4206162507","https://openalex.org/W4220952698","https://openalex.org/W6686245865","https://openalex.org/W7057358219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412070470","https://openalex.org/W4416717335","https://openalex.org/W7204401595","https://openalex.org/W2794830382","https://openalex.org/W2124719806","https://openalex.org/W4303650216","https://openalex.org/W4388766786","https://openalex.org/W7133179086","https://openalex.org/W7133170490","https://openalex.org/W7135227353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weed":[0],"control":[1,25,57,71,84,88,93,121,132,153,164,183,189,206,225,244,285,301],"is":[2,26,307],"one":[3],"of":[4,42,51,67,118,129,138,151,185,250],"the":[5,35,38,49,65,116,135,139,142,146,149,161,170,177,186,191,204,209,223,259,277,291,313],"most":[6],"important":[7,309],"technological":[8],"operations":[9],"to":[10,46,63,114,174,311],"ensure":[11],"crop":[12],"yield":[13],"and":[14,28,30,37,54,62,90,106,148,195,212,268,317],"quality":[15],"in":[16,73,122,141,169,176,190,214,246,254,258,280],"ecological":[17,74,123],"sugar":[18,75,124,192],"beet":[19,76,125,193],"production.":[20,77],"However,":[21],"conventional":[22,52,91,107],"mechanical":[23,53,119],"weed":[24,56,70,83,87,92,120,131,152,163,182,188,205,224,243,284,300],"labor-":[27],"time-intensive":[29],"has":[31,235],"adverse":[32],"effects":[33],"on":[34,59,134,238],"soil":[36,60,140,147,210,239,255,271],"environment.":[39],"The":[40,127,157,180,200],"aim":[41],"this":[43],"study":[44,79],"was":[45,155,167,197,286,293],"experimentally":[47],"investigate":[48],"influence":[50,128],"robotic":[55,86,187],"systems":[58,133],"properties":[61,137],"assess":[64],"effectiveness":[66,117,165,184],"these":[68],"different":[69,82,130],"methods":[72],"This":[78],"examines":[80],"two":[81],"systems:":[85],"(RWC)":[89],"(CWC).":[94],"Field":[95],"experimental":[96],"studies":[97,219],"were":[98],"carried":[99,228],"out":[100,229],"with":[101,230],"a":[102],"solar-powered":[103,304],"field":[104,305],"robot":[105],"inter-row":[108,166,194],"cultivation":[109],"(CWC1\u2014first":[110],"cultivation,":[111],"CWC2\u2014second":[112],"cultivation)":[113],"determine":[115],"crops.":[126],"physical":[136],"contact":[143],"zone":[144],"between":[145],"tires":[150],"machines":[154],"investigated.":[156],"results":[158],"showed":[159,202],"that":[160,175,203,222],"average":[162,248,278],"higher":[168],"RWC":[171,242,269],"(81%)":[172],"compared":[173],"CWC2":[178],"(46%).":[179],"overall":[181],"intra-row":[196],"around":[198,296],"49%.":[199],"measurements":[201],"process":[207],"reduced":[208],"moisture":[211],"temperature":[213],"all":[215],"treatments":[216],"tested.":[217],"Experimental":[218],"have":[220],"confirmed":[221],"operation,":[226],"although":[227],"relatively":[231],"lightweight":[232],"robots,":[233],"also":[234],"an":[236,247,308],"impact":[237],"bulk":[240,256],"density.":[241],"resulted":[245],"increase":[249,279,292],"0.16":[251],"g":[252],"cm\u20133":[253],"density":[257],"topsoil":[260,281],"layer":[261],"(0\u201310":[262],"cm)":[263],"after":[264,283],"weeding.":[265,320],"Both":[266],"CWC1":[267],"increased":[270],"penetration":[272],"resistance":[273],"(PR).":[274],"For":[275],"CWC1,":[276],"PR":[282],"20%,":[287],"while":[288],"for":[289,315],"RWC,":[290],"marginal,":[294],"only":[295],"1%.":[297],"Automated":[298],"precision":[299],"by":[302],"self-propelled":[303],"robots":[306],"solution":[310],"reduce":[312],"need":[314],"tedious":[316],"time-consuming":[318],"manual":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-06-26T00:00:00"}