{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283377073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","title":"Friction stir surface processing of 6061 aluminum alloy for superior corrosion resistance and enhanced microhardness","display_name":"Friction stir surface processing of 6061 aluminum alloy for superior corrosion resistance and enhanced microhardness","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283377073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898364864","display_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","issn_l":"2588-8404","issn":["2588-8404","2589-7225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049980513","display_name":"Ibrahim H. Zainelabdeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-8259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-8259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim H. Zainelabdeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077007871","display_name":"Fadi Al-Badour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-0920","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-0920"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fadi A. Al-Badour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112511369","display_name":"Akeem Yusuf Adesina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-0371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-0371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akeem Yusuf Adesina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060050374","display_name":"Rami K. Suleiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-9266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-9266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rami Suleiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-9266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063877801","display_name":"Fadi A. Ghaith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5953-4395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5953-4395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149788","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/058tx1a56","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149788"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadi A. Ghaith","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, 294345, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, 294345, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149788"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077007871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.463,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88939292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"129","last_page":"139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10723","display_name":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10723","display_name":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12106","display_name":"Surface Treatment and Residual Stress","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/6061-aluminum-alloy","display_name":"6061 aluminum alloy","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spindle-speed","display_name":"spindle speed","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrosion-resistance","display_name":"corrosion resistance","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microhardness","display_name":"microhardness","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-refinement","display_name":"grain refinement","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-microstructure","display_name":"surface microstructure","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nacl-solution-corrosion","display_name":"NaCl solution corrosion","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potentiodynamic-polarization","display_name":"potentiodynamic polarization","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy","display_name":"electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-polarization-resistance","display_name":"linear polarization resistance","score":0.7269999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20625102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137056","display_name":"Corrosion","level":2,"score":0.8857967853546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776536451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5503432","display_name":"Friction stir processing","level":3,"score":0.8564326763153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8429569005966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165720898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150000","display_name":"Indentation hardness","level":3,"score":0.8003472089767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.7895542979240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.6923131942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81063470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256787","display_name":"Rotational speed","level":2,"score":0.6543371081352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756","display_name":"Alloy","level":2,"score":0.6340761184692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.631468653678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192191005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466491","display_name":"Grain size","level":2,"score":0.5492295622825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513153333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663","display_name":"Aluminium","level":2,"score":0.5111919045448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.45421987771987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.34790223836898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.34077584743499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.05780833959579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898364864","display_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","issn_l":"2588-8404","issn":["2588-8404","2589-7225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa7c9e3323b843d682c4cd4b5332ecb3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa7c9e3323b843d682c4cd4b5332ecb3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 129-139 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.06.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898364864","display_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","issn_l":"2588-8404","issn":["2588-8404","2589-7225"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2889673969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DF201013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40763299","https://openalex.org/W599004566","https://openalex.org/W782995718","https://openalex.org/W1977344783","https://openalex.org/W1978075975","https://openalex.org/W1980721412","https://openalex.org/W1985489751","https://openalex.org/W1991382851","https://openalex.org/W1999728933","https://openalex.org/W2000047443","https://openalex.org/W2006069353","https://openalex.org/W2007393359","https://openalex.org/W2014524003","https://openalex.org/W2016778905","https://openalex.org/W2025008018","https://openalex.org/W2026868039","https://openalex.org/W2052511254","https://openalex.org/W2055961366","https://openalex.org/W2058632734","https://openalex.org/W2059598713","https://openalex.org/W2060464146","https://openalex.org/W2066406815","https://openalex.org/W2071011265","https://openalex.org/W2077566701","https://openalex.org/W2079794477","https://openalex.org/W2085571028","https://openalex.org/W2089451930","https://openalex.org/W2156750290","https://openalex.org/W2300106489","https://openalex.org/W2340197807","https://openalex.org/W2460287631","https://openalex.org/W2511929163","https://openalex.org/W2627076154","https://openalex.org/W2753980086","https://openalex.org/W2778292796","https://openalex.org/W2790411588","https://openalex.org/W2799794990","https://openalex.org/W2804856782","https://openalex.org/W2885310728","https://openalex.org/W2930557730","https://openalex.org/W2932924663","https://openalex.org/W2951403878","https://openalex.org/W2966113632","https://openalex.org/W2971525715","https://openalex.org/W2989753363","https://openalex.org/W2991258725","https://openalex.org/W3021040261","https://openalex.org/W3023312667","https://openalex.org/W4236424580","https://openalex.org/W6653927090"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309605143","https://openalex.org/W4400950547","https://openalex.org/W4399051103","https://openalex.org/W7048614906","https://openalex.org/W2133674788","https://openalex.org/W4319339202","https://openalex.org/W3117756180","https://openalex.org/W4290190591","https://openalex.org/W2316857729","https://openalex.org/W4280547354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,14,93,101,107,149,166,170,219,222,245,254],"current":[2,158],"study,":[3],"friction":[4,24],"stir":[5,25],"surface":[6,15,49,250],"processing":[7],"(FSSur.P)":[8],"was":[9,56,90,110,189,225],"carried":[10],"out":[11],"to":[12,36,72,87,117,227],"alter":[13],"microstructure":[16],"of":[17,29,78,100,115,160,162,181,236],"6061":[18],"aluminum":[19],"alloy":[20],"using":[21,120],"a":[22,64,73,240],"pinless":[23,237],"tool.":[26],"The":[27,60,97,234],"impact":[28,242],"rising":[30],"tool":[31,41,172,193,231,238],"rotational":[32,194,212,232],"speed":[33,43,174,195,213],"from":[34],"400":[35],"1200":[37],"rpm":[38],"while":[39],"keeping":[40],"traveling":[42],"constant":[44],"at":[45,92,169,210],"250":[46],"mm/min":[47],"on":[48,186,199,243],"microstructure,":[50],"mechanical":[51],"properties,":[52],"and":[53,134,247],"corrosion":[54,98,154,157,177,223],"resistance":[55,155,178,224],"explored":[57],"in":[58,67,70,76,84],"detail.":[59],"microstructural":[61],"findings":[62],"revealed":[63],"significant":[65],"reduction":[66],"grain":[68,200],"size,":[69,201],"addition":[71],"remarkable":[74],"improvement":[75,208],"microhardness":[77],"processed":[79,102,168],"samples.":[80],"Approximately":[81],"44%":[82],"increase":[83],"microhardness,":[85],"compared":[86],"unprocessed":[88,150],"counterpart":[89],"achieved":[91,209],"lowest":[94,211],"rotation":[95],"speed.":[96,233],"behavior":[99],"samples":[103],"as":[104,106,125,202,204],"well":[105,203],"base":[108],"sample":[109,151,167],"evaluated":[111],"after":[112],"15":[113],"days":[114],"exposure":[116],"3.5%":[118],"NaCl":[119],"several":[121],"electrochemical":[122,135,141],"methods":[123],"such":[124],"potentiodynamic":[126],"polarization":[127,131],"technique":[128],"(PDP),":[129],"linear":[130],"method":[132],"(LPR)":[133],"impedance":[136],"spectroscopy":[137],"(EIS)":[138],"approach.":[139],"All":[140],"techniques":[142],"results":[143,187],"demonstrated":[144],"an":[145],"excellent":[146],"agreement":[147],"where":[148],"showed":[152],"poor":[153],"with":[156,179,206,229],"density":[159],"(Icorr.)":[161],"3.22":[163],"\u03bcA,":[164],"whereas":[165],"highest":[171],"rotating":[173],"exhibited":[175],"superior":[176],"Icorr.":[180],"approximately":[182],"0.057":[183],"\u03bcA.":[184],"Based":[185],"it":[188],"found":[190,226],"that":[191],"increasing":[192,230],"has":[196],"minimum":[197,215],"effect":[198],"microhardness;":[205],"best":[207],"or":[214],"heat":[216],"input.":[217],"On":[218],"other":[220],"hand,":[221],"improve":[228],"use":[235],"had":[239],"great":[241],"simplifying":[244],"process":[246],"achieve":[248],"required":[249],"enhancement":[251],"without":[252],"altering":[253],"subsurface":[255],"material.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-06-25T00:00:00"}