{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283205649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490443","title":"Language models","display_name":"Language models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283205649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455112","display_name":"Hang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-0155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-0155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256866","display_name":"ByteDance (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04m8av638","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256866"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, Bytedance, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, Bytedance, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100455112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256866"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.212,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93602273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"7","first_page":"56","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.21619999408721924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.1031000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-models","display_name":"language models","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.9169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7066251635551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3641073703765869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.32663819193840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12127402424812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11919188499450684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W604097133","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1993750641","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2124479173","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2729112751","https://openalex.org/W2948947170","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2963929190","https://openalex.org/W2963963856","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2971869958","https://openalex.org/W2975059944","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2982399380","https://openalex.org/W2991223644","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3006881356","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3129576130","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W4230872509","https://openalex.org/W6600020652","https://openalex.org/W6600858228","https://openalex.org/W6608998752","https://openalex.org/W6655411870","https://openalex.org/W6756821666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417281625","https://openalex.org/W4388099907","https://openalex.org/W4414927013","https://openalex.org/W6921515983","https://openalex.org/W4386099774","https://openalex.org/W2923011553","https://openalex.org/W4416034973","https://openalex.org/W4385251929","https://openalex.org/W4402767453","https://openalex.org/W2478820034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"language":[1],"modeling":[2],"overview,":[3],"highlighting":[4],"basic":[5],"concepts,":[6],"intuitive":[7],"explanations,":[8],"technical":[9],"achievements,":[10],"and":[11],"fundamental":[12],"challenges.":[13]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-06-22T00:00:00"}