{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283169014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","title":"A comprehensive framework model for the trend, period and evaluation of the precipitation enhancement effect: TPEM","display_name":"A comprehensive framework model for the trend, period and evaluation of the precipitation enhancement effect: TPEM","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283169014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/ws.2022.223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124453322","display_name":"Water Science & Technology Water Supply","issn_l":"1606-9749","issn":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016855518","display_name":"Chengshuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7073-5124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7073-5124"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengshuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034060274","display_name":"Yue Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-953X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-953X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102598507","display_name":"Qiying Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiying Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084179024","display_name":"Chaojie Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-3441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-3441"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaojie Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064563277","display_name":"Shan\u2010e\u2010hyder Soomro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1708-8451","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1708-8451"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan-e-hyder Soomro","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102965513","display_name":"Caihong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-6352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-6352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caihong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-6352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 School of Water Conservancy Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102965513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0722,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24691864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"8","first_page":"6558","last_page":"6575"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.7602999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.7602999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.09510000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.06300000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rainfall","display_name":"urban precipitation","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-season-rainfall","display_name":"flood season rainfall","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annual-rainfall","display_name":"annual rainfall","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zhengzhou","display_name":"Zhengzhou","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-method","display_name":"distance method","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-climate","display_name":"urban climate","score":0.4350000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.8272274732589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.711834192276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6791449785232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5585426092147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.5345064401626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5283893942832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3649596869945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.363849937915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2799803614616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0953141450881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2166/ws.2022.223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124453322","display_name":"Water Science & Technology Water Supply","issn_l":"1606-9749","issn":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abe75887dace41a3bba952659c10d424","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abe75887dace41a3bba952659c10d424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply, Vol 22, Iss 8, Pp 6558-6575 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/ws.2022.223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124453322","display_name":"Water Science & Technology Water Supply","issn_l":"1606-9749","issn":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4295393965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51979250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5818258450","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6d2a\u6d9d\u707e\u5bb3\u9884\u62a5\u9884\u8b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"51739009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2017669193","https://openalex.org/W2050284040","https://openalex.org/W2075691402","https://openalex.org/W2120390927","https://openalex.org/W2163667214","https://openalex.org/W2310306034","https://openalex.org/W2610313826","https://openalex.org/W2752605862","https://openalex.org/W2797171939","https://openalex.org/W2800901600","https://openalex.org/W2899815278","https://openalex.org/W2901908189","https://openalex.org/W2903993582","https://openalex.org/W2905420630","https://openalex.org/W2916103918","https://openalex.org/W2924481379","https://openalex.org/W2974847437","https://openalex.org/W3015148471","https://openalex.org/W3040499456","https://openalex.org/W3128351574","https://openalex.org/W3159710594","https://openalex.org/W3191092232","https://openalex.org/W4200047860","https://openalex.org/W4205118240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406479199","https://openalex.org/W2366787413","https://openalex.org/W2752605862","https://openalex.org/W2358475791","https://openalex.org/W3140450435","https://openalex.org/W4293222530","https://openalex.org/W4401264525","https://openalex.org/W4399110648","https://openalex.org/W2910722096","https://openalex.org/W2357212868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"study,":[3],"a":[4,101,167],"framework":[5],"model":[6],"(TPEM)":[7],"for":[8,128,170],"evaluating":[9],"the":[10,26,30,52,65,73,81,89,94,111,119,135,160,175,180],"temporal":[11],"and":[12,33,54,67,72,107,110,123,130,148],"spatial":[13],"variation":[14],"of":[15,38,56,98,114,121,142],"urban":[16,96],"precipitation":[17,32,36],"is":[18,76,157],"established.":[19],"TPEM":[20],"includes":[21],"seven":[22],"calculation":[23],"methods":[24],"at":[25],"same":[27,136],"time.":[28],"Taking":[29],"annual":[31,66,122],"flood":[34,68,124,161],"season":[35,69,125],"data":[37],"eight":[39],"meteorological":[40],"stations":[41],"in":[42,60,93,105,155,159,179],"Zhengzhou,":[43],"China,":[44],"from":[45,64],"1960":[46],"to":[47,78,172],"2020":[48],"as":[49],"an":[50],"example,":[51],"trend":[53,104,113],"period":[55],"rain":[57,82,90,115,152,176],"island":[58,83,91,116,153,177],"effect":[59,92,117,154,178],"Zhengzhou":[61,99,156],"are":[62],"analyzed":[63],"rainfall":[70,126],"scale,":[71],"distance":[74],"method":[75],"introduced":[77],"quantitatively":[79],"evaluate":[80],"effect.":[84],"The":[85,151,163],"results":[86],"show":[87],"that":[88],"central":[95],"area":[97],"has":[100,139],"sudden":[102],"increase":[103],"1997":[106],"2004":[108],"respectively,":[109],"increasing":[112],"on":[118],"scale":[120],"lasts":[127],"four":[129],"ten":[131],"years":[132],"respectively.":[133,150],"At":[134],"time,":[137],"it":[138],"fluctuation":[140],"periods":[141],"8\u201310a,":[143],"16\u201318a,":[144],"3\u20135a,":[145],"17\u201320a,":[146],"5\u20137a,":[147],"2\u20133a":[149],"concentrated":[158],"season.":[162],"research":[164],"can":[165],"provide":[166],"scientific":[168],"basis":[169],"cities":[171],"deal":[173],"with":[174],"future.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2022-06-21T00:00:00"}