{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282967151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","title":"Gyrotrons as High-Frequency Drivers for Undulators and High-Gradient Accelerators","display_name":"Gyrotrons as High-Frequency Drivers for Undulators and High-Gradient Accelerators","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282967151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app12126101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6101/pdf?version=1655352259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6101/pdf?version=1655352259","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011603891","display_name":"Svilen Petrov Sabchevski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-9023","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-9023"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Svilen Sabchevski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-9023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048210681","display_name":"E. Di Palma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-622X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-622X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110120368","display_name":"National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02an8es95","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154942","display_name":"ENEA Frascati Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01026pq66","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Di Palma","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENEA\u2014Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-622X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA\u2014Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091526632","display_name":"Ivan Panov Spassovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-0254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-0254"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110120368","display_name":"National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02an8es95","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154942","display_name":"ENEA Frascati Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01026pq66","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Spassovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENEA\u2014Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA\u2014Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064617206","display_name":"G. Dattoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-8434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-8434"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110120368","display_name":"National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02an8es95","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154942","display_name":"ENEA Frascati Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01026pq66","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Dattoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENEA\u2014Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENEA\u2014Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110120368","https://openalex.org/I4387154942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011603891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2408},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2408},"fwci":0.5125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53690098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"6101","last_page":"6101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11175","display_name":"Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11175","display_name":"Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10559","display_name":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","score":0.04450000077486038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyrotron","display_name":"gyrotron","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undulator","display_name":"undulator","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-wiggler","display_name":"electromagnetic wiggler","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-gradient-accelerators","display_name":"high-gradient accelerators","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compact-particle-accelerators","display_name":"compact accelerator","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-electron-laser","display_name":"free-electron laser","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-radiation-sources","display_name":"coherent radiation sources","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-power-microwave-sources","display_name":"high-power microwave sources","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulsed-and-continuous-wave-operation","display_name":"pulsed and continuous wave operation","score":0.7039999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777272912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254606","display_name":"Gyrotron","level":3,"score":0.8665474653244019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6845210790634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.5372355580329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189166818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130825","display_name":"Particle accelerator","level":3,"score":0.5124102234840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47431468963623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.35880953073501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34834372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32752758264541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18427401781082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.17773035168647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app12126101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6101/pdf?version=1655352259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:505e62ea6ff4444fa696b87704bcdf87","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/505e62ea6ff4444fa696b87704bcdf87","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 12, Iss 12, p 6101 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app12126101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6101/pdf?version=1655352259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282967151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282967151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591163364","https://openalex.org/W651044824","https://openalex.org/W1514948960","https://openalex.org/W1594291306","https://openalex.org/W1639801315","https://openalex.org/W1964878862","https://openalex.org/W1966110840","https://openalex.org/W1972014907","https://openalex.org/W1974080782","https://openalex.org/W1974971954","https://openalex.org/W1980898528","https://openalex.org/W2008946298","https://openalex.org/W2021853938","https://openalex.org/W2035253228","https://openalex.org/W2043349453","https://openalex.org/W2066277739","https://openalex.org/W2071488983","https://openalex.org/W2077061420","https://openalex.org/W2078043791","https://openalex.org/W2079764667","https://openalex.org/W2081766534","https://openalex.org/W2089215097","https://openalex.org/W2098284297","https://openalex.org/W2105184422","https://openalex.org/W2123117939","https://openalex.org/W2164412631","https://openalex.org/W2168553497","https://openalex.org/W2181852008","https://openalex.org/W2186853273","https://openalex.org/W2313178832","https://openalex.org/W2314037165","https://openalex.org/W2336363159","https://openalex.org/W2559016733","https://openalex.org/W2559731282","https://openalex.org/W2589995845","https://openalex.org/W2752870139","https://openalex.org/W2791771510","https://openalex.org/W2886220771","https://openalex.org/W2896474621","https://openalex.org/W2899471892","https://openalex.org/W2901515398","https://openalex.org/W2922603943","https://openalex.org/W2941847303","https://openalex.org/W2944089111","https://openalex.org/W2972447502","https://openalex.org/W2997368104","https://openalex.org/W2998428089","https://openalex.org/W3005434282","https://openalex.org/W3021859435","https://openalex.org/W3040070791","https://openalex.org/W3055038348","https://openalex.org/W3129967539","https://openalex.org/W3139035458","https://openalex.org/W3177430161","https://openalex.org/W3191387881","https://openalex.org/W3195763067","https://openalex.org/W3205859262","https://openalex.org/W3208445938","https://openalex.org/W4210880618","https://openalex.org/W4242956488","https://openalex.org/W4298294894","https://openalex.org/W4302084653","https://openalex.org/W6802053599","https://openalex.org/W6925484572","https://openalex.org/W7053382089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248485128","https://openalex.org/W2133536401","https://openalex.org/W2010232643","https://openalex.org/W2013469504","https://openalex.org/W2494138317","https://openalex.org/W2079764667","https://openalex.org/W4237023822","https://openalex.org/W4401453655","https://openalex.org/W2070283179","https://openalex.org/W7006094344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gyrotrons":[0],"are":[1],"used":[2],"as":[3,98],"high-power":[4],"sources":[5,67],"of":[6,27,75,101,106],"coherent":[7],"radiation":[8,66],"operating":[9],"in":[10,15,35,50,125],"pulsed":[11],"and":[12,18,39,71,104,129],"CW":[13],"regimes":[14],"many":[16],"scientific":[17],"technological":[19],"fields.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,97],"paper,":[23],"we":[24],"discuss":[25],"two":[26,62],"their":[28],"numerous":[29],"applications.":[30],"The":[31,41,54],"first":[32,115],"one":[33,43,69],"is":[34,44,110],"gyrotron-powered":[36],"electromagnetic":[37],"wigglers":[38],"undulators.":[40],"second":[42],"for":[45],"driving":[46],"high-gradient":[47],"accelerating":[48],"structures":[49],"compact":[51],"particle":[52,130],"accelerators.":[53,131],"comparison,":[55],"between":[56],"the":[57,65,72,76,82,102,114,126],"requirements":[58],"imposed":[59],"by":[60],"these":[61,107],"concepts":[63],"on":[64,68,81],"hand":[70],"output":[73],"parameters":[74],"currently":[77],"available":[78],"high-performance":[79],"gyrotrons":[80],"other":[83,90],"hand,":[84],"show":[85],"that":[86,112],"they":[87,119],"match":[88],"each":[89],"to":[91],"a":[92,99],"high":[93],"degree.":[94],"We":[95],"consider":[96],"manifestation":[100],"feasibility":[103],"potential":[105],"concepts.":[108],"It":[109],"believed":[111],"after":[113],"successful":[116],"proof-of-principle":[117],"experiments":[118],"will":[120],"find":[121],"more":[122],"wide":[123],"usage":[124],"advanced":[127],"FEL":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-06-17T00:00:00"}
