{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282929048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","title":"iCVM: An Interpretable Deep Learning Model for CVM Assessment Under Label Uncertainty","display_name":"iCVM: An Interpretable Deep Learning Model for CVM Assessment Under Label Uncertainty","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282929048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ni Liao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Medical University College of Stomatology, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Medical University College of Stomatology, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jian Dai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangbin Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangbin Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102796987","display_name":"Yao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-2261","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-2261","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-7557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401727007","display_name":"Hikvision (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzypx27","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401727007"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hikvision Research Institute, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hikvision Research Institute, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401727007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047098807","display_name":"Qiaoyong Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-1818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-1818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401727007","display_name":"Hikvision (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzypx27","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401727007"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoyong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hikvision Research Institute, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-1818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hikvision Research Institute, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401727007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050581683","display_name":"Shuixue Mo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuixue Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Medical University College of Stomatology, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Medical University College of Stomatology, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3573,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97378623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"8","first_page":"4325","last_page":"4334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.8407999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.8407999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.12809999287128448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-vertebral-maturation","display_name":"cervical vertebral maturation","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/label-uncertainty","display_name":"label uncertainty","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/label-distribution-learning","display_name":"label distribution learning","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-deep-learning","display_name":"explainable deep learning","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grad-cam","display_name":"Grad-CAM","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"residual convolutional neural network","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"dropout","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cephalogram","display_name":"cephalogram","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontic-treatment-planning","display_name":"orthodontic treatment planning","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7692798376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7327440977096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7321797013282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6428442001342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.6037536263465881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5758810639381409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.571071982383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5227649211883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.507923424243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.46857950091362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.411490261554718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3896610736846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000365","descriptor_name":"Age Determination by Skeleton","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002574","descriptor_name":"Cervical Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3179619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35653451","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2088062938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82071098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4876638949","display_name":"\u673a\u68b0\u538b\u529b\u4fe1\u53f7\u5728\u4eba\u7259\u9f88\u6210\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7ec6\u80de\u7ea4\u7ef4\u5316\u4f20\u5bfc\u901a\u8def\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"81560188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1875842236","https://openalex.org/W1921523184","https://openalex.org/W2011656115","https://openalex.org/W2021655043","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2047930030","https://openalex.org/W2053418321","https://openalex.org/W2061237657","https://openalex.org/W2087633598","https://openalex.org/W2093144693","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2118870834","https://openalex.org/W2156677233","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2258371395","https://openalex.org/W2442264559","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2553156677","https://openalex.org/W2587828787","https://openalex.org/W2773607772","https://openalex.org/W2783502073","https://openalex.org/W2789779893","https://openalex.org/W2798868324","https://openalex.org/W2888358068","https://openalex.org/W2916845318","https://openalex.org/W2919019374","https://openalex.org/W2955216108","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2980030301","https://openalex.org/W2989492337","https://openalex.org/W2995609771","https://openalex.org/W3003567739","https://openalex.org/W3008105014","https://openalex.org/W3008193677","https://openalex.org/W3025576489","https://openalex.org/W3027763298","https://openalex.org/W3031116957","https://openalex.org/W3033046693","https://openalex.org/W3039387751","https://openalex.org/W3088257970","https://openalex.org/W3092348978","https://openalex.org/W3108393244","https://openalex.org/W3109354682","https://openalex.org/W3168354635","https://openalex.org/W3194361931","https://openalex.org/W3213449503","https://openalex.org/W3215436159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7202034226","https://openalex.org/W7214421476","https://openalex.org/W7214084759","https://openalex.org/W7160828484","https://openalex.org/W7143441540","https://openalex.org/W4415832712","https://openalex.org/W4220681472","https://openalex.org/W7211957587","https://openalex.org/W7214053739","https://openalex.org/W4416677940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,120],"Cervical":[1],"Vertebral":[2],"Maturation":[3],"(CVM)":[4],"method":[5],"aims":[6],"to":[7,58,69,104,155],"determine":[8],"the":[9,27,48,55,59,81,91,98,106,110,113,117,128,134,160,171,175,195],"craniofacial":[10],"skeletal":[11],"maturational":[12,87],"stage,":[13],"which":[14,143],"is":[15,52,144],"crucial":[16],"for":[17,32,54,109],"orthodontic":[18,184],"and":[19,150,189],"orthopedic":[20],"treatment.":[21],"In":[22,36],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"we":[25,38,89,102,162],"explore":[26],"potential":[28],"of":[29,61,93,112,148,178,186,205],"deep":[30],"learning":[31,96],"automatic":[33],"CVM":[34,62],"assessment.":[35,63],"particular,":[37],"propose":[39],"a":[40,164],"convolutional":[41],"neural":[42],"network":[43],"named":[44,167],"iCVM.":[45],"Based":[46],"on":[47,201],"residual":[49],"network,":[50],"it":[51],"specialized":[53],"challenges":[56],"unique":[57],"task":[60],"1)":[64],"To":[65,79],"combat":[66],"overfitting":[67],"due":[68],"limited":[70],"data":[71],"size,":[72],"multiple":[73],"dropout":[74],"layers":[75],"are":[76,140],"utilized.":[77],"2)":[78],"address":[80],"inevitable":[82],"label":[83,94],"ambiguity":[84],"between":[85],"adjacent":[86],"stages,":[88],"introduce":[90],"concept":[92],"distribution":[95],"in":[97,146,152,159,203],"loss":[99],"function.":[100],"Besides,":[101],"attempt":[103],"analyze":[105],"regions":[107],"important":[108],"prediction":[111],"model":[114,139],"by":[115,137],"using":[116],"Grad-CAM":[118],"technique.":[119],"learned":[121],"strategy":[122],"shows":[123],"surprisingly":[124],"high":[125],"consistency":[126],"with":[127,170],"clinical":[129],"criteria.":[130],"This":[131],"indicates":[132],"that":[133,194],"decisions":[135],"made":[136],"our":[138],"well":[141],"interpretable,":[142],"critical":[145],"evaluation":[147,207],"growth":[149],"development":[151],"orthodontics.":[153],"Moreover,":[154],"drive":[156],"future":[157],"research":[158],"field,":[161],"release":[163],"new":[165],"dataset":[166],"CVM-900":[168,202],"along":[169],"paper.":[172],"It":[173],"contains":[174],"cervical":[176],"part":[177],"900":[179],"lateral":[180],"cephalograms":[181],"collected":[182],"from":[183],"patients":[185],"different":[187],"ages":[188],"genders.":[190],"Experimental":[191],"results":[192],"show":[193],"proposed":[196],"approach":[197],"achieves":[198],"superior":[199],"performance":[200],"terms":[204],"various":[206],"metrics.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-06-16T00:00:00"}