{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282575813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","title":"Impact of Participation in Groundwater Market on Farmland, Income, and Water Access: Evidence from Pakistan","display_name":"Impact of Participation in Groundwater Market on Farmland, Income, and Water Access: Evidence from Pakistan","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282575813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14121832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1832/pdf?version=1654588426","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1832/pdf?version=1654588426","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084113239","display_name":"Amar Razzaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-2417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-2417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10011244","display_name":"Huanggang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/007gf6e19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amar Razzaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Huanggang Normal University, No. 146, Xianggang 2nd Road, Huanggang 438000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-2417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Huanggang Normal University, No. 146, Xianggang 2nd Road, Huanggang 438000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084642448","display_name":"Meizhen Xiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meizhen Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030677584","display_name":"Yewang Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10011244","display_name":"Huanggang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/007gf6e19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yewang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Huanggang Normal University, No. 146, Xianggang 2nd Road, Huanggang 438000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Huanggang Normal University, No. 146, Xianggang 2nd Road, Huanggang 438000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054677285","display_name":"Hancheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-6973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-6973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10011244","display_name":"Huanggang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/007gf6e19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hancheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Huanggang Normal University, No. 146, Xianggang 2nd Road, Huanggang 438000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Huanggang Normal University, No. 146, Xianggang 2nd Road, Huanggang 438000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000727916","display_name":"Azhar Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-5959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-5959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azhar Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-5959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085313059","display_name":"Wanqi Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-5793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-5793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanqi Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China","Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003510727","display_name":"Muhammad Asad ur Rehman Naseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-9073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-9073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709246","display_name":"Government of Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/0262vjy29","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709246"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asad ur Rehman Naseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture Department (Economics and Marketing), Government of Punjab, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-9073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture Department (Economics and Marketing), Government of Punjab, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000727916","https://openalex.org/A5003510727","https://openalex.org/A5054677285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10011244","https://openalex.org/I4394709246","https://openalex.org/I61623833"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"fwci":2.7504,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90574354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"1832","last_page":"1832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.03400000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11789","display_name":"Land Rights and Reforms","score":0.02810000069439411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-markets","display_name":"groundwater markets","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-markets","display_name":"water markets","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-irrigation","display_name":"groundwater irrigation","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-income","display_name":"farm income","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-water","display_name":"water access","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cropping-intensity","display_name":"cropping intensity","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-land-use","display_name":"agricultural land use","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity-in-water-access","display_name":"equity in water access","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheat-yield","display_name":"wheat yield","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-sustainability","display_name":"irrigation sustainability","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.5220000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6646997332572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.6013930439949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.5144951343536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.49419429898262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.4541158676147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176205827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5435593","display_name":"Farm water","level":4,"score":0.43373411893844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149207113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534","display_name":"Water use","level":2,"score":0.4325181543827057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43216192722320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.42180484533309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4096425771713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3436374366283417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3231998682022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110158866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462136","display_name":"Water conservation","level":3,"score":0.29586154222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.23717057704925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.22429296374320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21978166699409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.1396109163761139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14121832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1832/pdf?version=1654588426","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd28c7081e654c9d861c89f1b34b9b14","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd28c7081e654c9d861c89f1b34b9b14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 1832 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14121832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121832","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1832/pdf?version=1654588426","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7778000235557556,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282575813.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282575813.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49726863","https://openalex.org/W344667694","https://openalex.org/W1532516378","https://openalex.org/W1540793166","https://openalex.org/W1579132909","https://openalex.org/W1981704249","https://openalex.org/W1988009791","https://openalex.org/W2009776895","https://openalex.org/W2014263801","https://openalex.org/W2039807716","https://openalex.org/W2046126175","https://openalex.org/W2046942240","https://openalex.org/W2057470268","https://openalex.org/W2060226489","https://openalex.org/W2063041902","https://openalex.org/W2096434150","https://openalex.org/W2099889605","https://openalex.org/W2106371033","https://openalex.org/W2114134671","https://openalex.org/W2144990831","https://openalex.org/W2156381004","https://openalex.org/W2160909762","https://openalex.org/W2169589716","https://openalex.org/W2197734964","https://openalex.org/W2229263095","https://openalex.org/W2513343419","https://openalex.org/W2529756328","https://openalex.org/W2804140123","https://openalex.org/W2808894386","https://openalex.org/W2900994673","https://openalex.org/W2904865639","https://openalex.org/W2916088187","https://openalex.org/W2918447455","https://openalex.org/W2967079452","https://openalex.org/W2987423975","https://openalex.org/W3021176487","https://openalex.org/W3097669229","https://openalex.org/W3118694719","https://openalex.org/W3121516428","https://openalex.org/W3135386182","https://openalex.org/W4205199730","https://openalex.org/W4280589930","https://openalex.org/W6945108986","https://openalex.org/W7130663458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283464132","https://openalex.org/W2916088187","https://openalex.org/W1524023919","https://openalex.org/W7019299172","https://openalex.org/W1558874551","https://openalex.org/W1600719538","https://openalex.org/W4379113608","https://openalex.org/W7084498013","https://openalex.org/W6996004135","https://openalex.org/W775633514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Groundwater":[0,18,240],"irrigation":[1,19,37],"has":[2,38],"a":[3,72,155,254],"critical":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,12,28,57,65,98,122,146,257],"the":[7,51,76,94,99,127,196,200],"sustainability":[8,44],"of":[9,35,53,78,96,126,140,167,211,259],"arable":[10],"farming":[11],"many":[13],"developing":[14],"countries":[15],"including":[16],"Pakistan.":[17,29],"is":[20],"generally":[21],"practiced":[22],"to":[23,50,92,178,186,265],"supplement":[24],"surface":[25],"water":[26,70,107,147,168,181,187,203,251],"supplies":[27],"Nevertheless,":[30],"uninterrupted":[31],"and":[32,45,55,84,109,138,163,199,221,232,246,262],"extensive":[33],"use":[34],"groundwater":[36,54,61,100,179],"raised":[39],"several":[40],"concerns":[41],"about":[42],"its":[43],"resultant":[46],"environmental":[47],"implications.":[48],"Due":[49],"scarcity":[52],"heterogeneity":[56],"farmers\u2019":[58],"resources,":[59],"informal":[60],"markets":[62,80,148,169,252],"have":[63,175],"emerged":[64],"Pakistan,":[66],"where":[67],"farmers":[68,121,132,174],"trade":[69],"using":[71,115],"contractual":[73],"system.":[74],"Yet,":[75],"effects":[77],"these":[79,113],"on":[81,102,190],"agricultural":[82,150],"productivity":[83,245],"equity":[85,165,185],"remain":[86],"largely":[87],"unknown.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"aims":[91],"analyze":[93,112],"impact":[95],"participation":[97,145,183,205],"market":[101,182,204,241],"farmland":[103],"utilization,":[104,152],"cropping":[105,157],"patterns,":[106],"access,":[108],"income.":[110],"We":[111],"impacts":[114],"primary":[116],"data":[117],"collected":[118],"from":[119],"360":[120],"three":[123],"different":[124],"zones":[125],"country\u2019s":[128],"largest":[129],"province.":[130],"The":[131],"were":[133],"categorized":[134],"as":[135,195],"buyers,":[136],"sellers,":[137],"self-users":[139],"water.":[141],"Results":[142],"indicate":[143],"that":[144,171,218,250],"increased":[149],"land":[151],"evinced":[153],"by":[154,228],"higher":[156,243],"intensity":[158],"among":[159,223],"participants.":[160],"A":[161],"horizontal":[162],"vertical":[164],"analysis":[166],"shows":[170],"although":[172],"large":[173],"better":[176],"access":[177],"irrigation,":[180],"improves":[184,207],"access.":[188],"Based":[189],"income":[191,222,247],"inequality":[192],"measures":[193],"such":[194],"Gini":[197],"coefficient":[198],"Lorenz":[201],"curve,":[202],"also":[206],"farmer":[208],"incomes":[209],"regardless":[210],"farm":[212],"size.":[213],"Propensity":[214],"score":[215],"matching":[216],"revealed":[217],"wheat":[219],"yield":[220],"water-market":[224],"participants":[225],"went":[226],"up":[227],"approximately":[229],"150":[230],"kg":[231],"PKR":[233],"4503":[234],"per":[235],"acre":[236],"compared":[237],"with":[238],"non-participants.":[239],"participants\u2019":[242],"crop":[244],"level":[248],"suggest":[249],"need":[253],"thorough":[255],"revisit":[256],"terms":[258],"policy":[260],"focus":[261],"institutional":[263],"support":[264],"ensure":[266],"sustainable":[267],"rural":[268],"development.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-06-14T00:00:00"}
