{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282030998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","title":"Street Hawking among Children: A form of Child Abuse Often Overlooked","display_name":"Street Hawking among Children: A form of Child Abuse Often Overlooked","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282030998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","pdf_url":"https://journalijtdh.com/index.php/IJTDH/article/download/1282/2561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journalijtdh.com/index.php/IJTDH/article/download/1282/2561","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038614665","display_name":"Irene Obuzor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799567373","display_name":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qv3ba61","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799567373"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Obuzor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799567373"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000294224","display_name":"Nneka Gabriel-Job","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-5954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-5954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799567373","display_name":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qv3ba61","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799567373"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Gabriel-Job","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799567373"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799567373"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6278,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68302562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"11","first_page":"38","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.7397000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.7397000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.07599999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10426","display_name":"Child Abuse and Trauma","score":0.055799998342990875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-labor","display_name":"child labor","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-abuse","display_name":"child abuse","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-dropout","display_name":"school dropout","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-income","display_name":"parental income","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86031905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5685100","display_name":"Hawking","level":3,"score":0.9310802817344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776680780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15964604","display_name":"Guardian","level":2,"score":0.5960593819618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24845683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178651","display_name":"Interview","level":2,"score":0.5705121755599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100363876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690661","display_name":"Nonprobability sampling","level":3,"score":0.4958098828792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4292200207710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.420095831155777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3669188618659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3301669955253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.20649731159210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15961012244224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15349125862121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11990025639533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1097639799118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","pdf_url":"https://journalijtdh.com/index.php/IJTDH/article/download/1282/2561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journalijtdh.com:article/1282","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journalijtdh.com/index.php/IJTDH/article/view/1282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2278-1005","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05192887v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05192887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 2022, 43 (11), pp.38-44","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i1130626","pdf_url":"https://journalijtdh.com/index.php/IJTDH/article/download/1282/2561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764904222","display_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","issn_l":"2278-1005","issn":["2278-1005"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"},{"score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.7257999777793884,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282030998.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282030998.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504518491","https://openalex.org/W1826300967","https://openalex.org/W2126917134","https://openalex.org/W2130522240","https://openalex.org/W2219326024","https://openalex.org/W2794444621","https://openalex.org/W2991121369","https://openalex.org/W2996391211","https://openalex.org/W3042296439","https://openalex.org/W3174519390","https://openalex.org/W4237335879","https://openalex.org/W4254796933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996391211","https://openalex.org/W7160066010","https://openalex.org/W2185146225","https://openalex.org/W2157657522","https://openalex.org/W2970290367","https://openalex.org/W7217373055","https://openalex.org/W7217243651","https://openalex.org/W2125312113","https://openalex.org/W7160238170","https://openalex.org/W7116661274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Despite":[1],"efforts":[2],"by":[3,140],"the":[4,18,74,107,126,130,148,158,226,229,242],"government":[5],"to":[6,17,128,143,153,174,203,238,245],"ensure":[7],"that":[8],"child":[9,95,159],"labour":[10],"is":[11,216,234],"eradicated,":[12],"children":[13,34,149,215],"are":[14],"still":[15],"exposed":[16],"menace":[19,233],"of":[20,26,38,106,117,147,157,198,225,231],"this":[21,232],"abuse":[22],"and":[23,113,137,200,208,236],"other":[24],"forms":[25],"abuse.":[27],"This":[28,43,181],"paper":[29],"examined":[30],"street":[31,96,160],"hawking":[32,124,194,213],"among":[33,214,241],"in":[35,65],"Obio/Akpor":[36,66],"L.G.A":[37,67],"Rivers":[39,68],"State,":[40,69],"Nigeria.":[41],"Methodology:":[42],"descriptive":[44],"cross-sectional":[45],"study":[46],"used":[47,80],"a":[48,135,141],"purposive":[49],"sampling":[50],"method.":[51],"109":[52,94],"participants":[53,108],"aged":[54],"10":[55],"-":[56],"17":[57],"years":[58],"who":[59],"hawked":[60],"around":[61],"two":[62],"busy":[63],"junctions":[64],"Nigeria,":[70],"were":[71,120,162,170],"recruited":[72],"for":[73,81,123],"study.":[75],"An":[76],"interviewer-administered":[77],"questionnaire":[78],"was":[79,85,184],"data":[82],"collection.":[83],"Analysis":[84],"done":[86],"with":[87,110],"SPSS":[88],"version":[89],"25.":[90],"Results:":[91],"Participants":[92],"comprised":[93],"hawkers,":[97],"67":[98],"(61.5%)":[99],"female,":[100],"42":[101],"(38.5%)":[102],"males.":[103],"72":[104],"(66.1%)":[105],"lived":[109],"their":[111,118,175],"parents,":[112],"more":[114,165],"than":[115],"half":[116],"parents":[119],"traders.":[121],"Reasons":[122],"included":[125],"need":[127,244],"augment":[129],"family":[131],"income,":[132],"having":[133],"lost":[134],"parent,":[136],"being":[138],"forced":[139],"guardian":[142],"hawk.":[144,154],"104":[145],"(95.4%)":[146],"reported":[150],"not":[151],"liking":[152],"33":[155],"(30.3%)":[156],"hawkers":[161],"school":[163,171],"dropouts;":[164],"females,":[166],"27":[167],"(40.3":[168],"%),":[169],"dropouts":[172],"compared":[173],"male":[176],"counterparts,":[177],"6":[178],"(14.3":[179],"%).":[180],"sex":[182],"difference":[183],"statistically":[185],"significant":[186],"(X2=":[187],"8.27,":[188],"p=":[189],"0.004).":[190],"Problems":[191],"encountered":[192],"while":[193],"included:":[195],"accidents,":[196],"loss":[197],"money":[199],"goods,":[201],"exposure":[202],"harsh":[204],"weather,":[205],"low":[206],"self-esteem,":[207],"sexual":[209],"advances.":[210],"Conclusion:":[211],"Street":[212],"common":[217],"despite":[218],"its":[219],"adverse":[220],"effects":[221],"on":[222,228],"children.":[223],"Education":[224],"masses":[227],"dangers":[230],"needed,":[235],"measures":[237],"alleviate":[239],"poverty":[240],"populace":[243],"be":[246],"radically":[247],"pursued.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}
