{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282012102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2022.6","title":"Legal Challenges to Cryptocurrency and its Guardian-Less Victims in India: A Critical Victimological Analysis","display_name":"Legal Challenges to Cryptocurrency and its Guardian-Less Victims in India: A Critical Victimological Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282012102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2022.6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cri.2022.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2022.6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2022.6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211961","display_name":"International Annals of Criminology","issn_l":"0003-4452","issn":["0003-4452","2398-676X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Annals of Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087998189","display_name":"Debarati Halder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6463-8789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6463-8789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9694494","display_name":"Parul University","ror":"https://ror.org/024v3fg07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debarati Halder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Parul Institute of Law, Parul University, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Parul Institute of Law, Parul University, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093130663","display_name":"AkilAli Saiyed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9694494","display_name":"Parul University","ror":"https://ror.org/024v3fg07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akil Ali Saiyed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Parul Institute of Law, Parul University, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Parul Institute of Law, Parul University, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087998189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"],"apc_list":{"value":3255,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3255},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87667014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"1","first_page":"79","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"cryptocurrency","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency-ban","display_name":"cryptocurrency ban","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victimology","display_name":"victimology","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victims-rights","display_name":"victims' rights","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reserve-bank-of-india","display_name":"Reserve Bank of India","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supreme-court-of-india","display_name":"Supreme Court of India","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.6851338744163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6025383472442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776680780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15964604","display_name":"Guardian","level":2,"score":0.5511693954467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.4822562336921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46887922286987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.4197452664375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3471246361732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.19144943356513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17657828330993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cri.2022.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2022.6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2022.6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211961","display_name":"International Annals of Criminology","issn_l":"0003-4452","issn":["0003-4452","2398-676X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Annals of Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W565525537","https://openalex.org/W2152416372","https://openalex.org/W2758541199","https://openalex.org/W2772631333","https://openalex.org/W2884995041","https://openalex.org/W3044564311","https://openalex.org/W3201675692","https://openalex.org/W6758034837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7127166485","https://openalex.org/W7203968509","https://openalex.org/W4405402012","https://openalex.org/W4395003671","https://openalex.org/W7223218339","https://openalex.org/W4205931031","https://openalex.org/W7168143397","https://openalex.org/W7218358819","https://openalex.org/W4387815099","https://openalex.org/W7135081516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"COVID-19":[2],"pandemic":[3],"and":[4,90,138,174],"lockdown":[5],"pushed":[6],"several":[7],"groups":[8],"of":[9,17,29,39,57,61,78,101,154,165,168,172,176,199],"traders":[10],"to":[11,130,150,186],"rely":[12],"on":[13],"cryptocurrency":[14,43,94,134],"as":[15,44,156],"one":[16],"the":[18,36,47,73,76,87,98,107,123,161,188],"chosen":[19],"tools":[20],"for":[21,80,122,170,193,197],"commercial":[22,82],"transactions.":[23],"India":[24,40,102],"is":[25,184],"no":[26],"exception.":[27],"Because":[28],"its":[30],"notorious":[31],"misuses":[32],"by":[33,160],"criminal":[34],"gangs,":[35],"Reserve":[37],"Bank":[38],"(RBI)":[41],"declared":[42],"derecognized.":[45],"Consequently,":[46],"Indian":[48],"parliament":[49],"also":[50,85],"created":[51],"a":[52,180],"draft":[53],"bill":[54],"titled":[55],"Banning":[56],"Cryptocurrency":[58],"&":[59],"Regulation":[60],"Official":[62],"Digital":[63],"Currency":[64],"Bill,":[65],"2019":[66],"(the":[67],"Bill),":[68],"which":[69],"not":[70,116,147],"only":[71],"derecognizes":[72],"currency":[74],"or":[75,118],"use":[77],"it":[79,84,183],"any":[81,120],"purposes,":[83],"makes":[86],"investors,":[88,135],"exchanges":[89,137],"agencies":[91],"dealing":[92],"with":[93],"criminally":[95],"liable.":[96],"Later,":[97],"Supreme":[99],"Court":[100],"in":[103],"2020":[104],"set":[105],"aside":[106],"above-mentioned":[108],"RBI":[109],"guidelines":[110],"banning":[111],"cryptocurrency.":[112],"But":[113],"this":[114,131],"has":[115,157],"nullified":[117],"suggested":[119],"amendment":[121],"Bill.":[124],"This":[125],"article":[126],"argues":[127],"that":[128],"due":[129],"legal":[132,181],"confusion,":[133],"traders,":[136],"agencies,":[139],"etc.":[140],"have":[141],"become":[142],"guardian-less":[143],"victims":[144,155],"who":[145],"may":[146],"be":[148],"eligible":[149],"claim":[151],"basic":[152],"rights":[153],"been":[158],"established":[159],"United":[162],"Nations":[163],"Declaration":[164],"Basic":[166],"Principles":[167],"Justice":[169],"Victims":[171],"Crime":[173],"Abuse":[175],"Power.":[177],"In":[178],"such":[179],"tangle,":[182],"necessary":[185],"analyse":[187],"issues":[189],"from":[190],"cyber-victimological":[191],"perspectives":[192],"providing":[194],"functional":[195],"suggestions":[196],"restitution":[198],"justice.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}