{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281998783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14069","title":"An automated cucumber inspection system based on neural network","display_name":"An automated cucumber inspection system based on neural network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281998783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jfpe.14069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151747869","display_name":"Journal of Food Process Engineering","issn_l":"0145-8876","issn":["0145-8876","1745-4530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Process Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078081101","display_name":"Yee Siang Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-8489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-8489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yee\u2010Siang Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-8489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shi\u2010Hao Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi\u2010Hao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037716401","display_name":"Chih\u2010Hsueh Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih\u2010Hsueh Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068716476","display_name":"Shih\u2010Wei Chung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih\u2010Wei Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001555686","display_name":"Sze\u2010Teng Liong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-1964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-1964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sze\u2010Teng Liong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-1964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113950687","display_name":"Lit\u2010Ken Tan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lit\u2010Ken Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Takasago Thermal/Environmental Systems Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Takasago Thermal/Environmental Systems Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001555686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.752191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.021400000900030136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-detection","display_name":"defect detection","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetable-sorting","display_name":"vegetable sorting","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conveyor-belt","display_name":"conveyor belt","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume-estimation","display_name":"volume estimation","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-cameras","display_name":"industrial cameras","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"precision agriculture","score":0.7020000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6859480142593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5870627760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5782330632209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777709985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770135","display_name":"Conveyor belt","level":2,"score":0.5668010115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.5257859230041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47394517064094543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4319613575935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.4221596121788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4061572551727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36345404386520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2489394247531891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13762003183364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12634417414665222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jfpe.14069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151747869","display_name":"Journal of Food Process Engineering","issn_l":"0145-8876","issn":["0145-8876","1745-4530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Process Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2154741421","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2473030931","https://openalex.org/W2584857428","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2809611096","https://openalex.org/W2963101436","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3018105153","https://openalex.org/W3045591834","https://openalex.org/W3081253100","https://openalex.org/W3134500927","https://openalex.org/W3134791349","https://openalex.org/W3157905703","https://openalex.org/W3158394058","https://openalex.org/W3164030817","https://openalex.org/W3168636294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004660995","https://openalex.org/W4389525023","https://openalex.org/W4391768834","https://openalex.org/W2073157516","https://openalex.org/W4414551678","https://openalex.org/W2959580502","https://openalex.org/W2105763950","https://openalex.org/W4391970458","https://openalex.org/W7162853397","https://openalex.org/W2795717735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Precision":[1],"agriculture":[2],"and":[3,74,119,186,208,219,235,240],"smart":[4],"farming":[5],"have":[6],"been":[7],"gaining":[8],"importance":[9],"in":[10,22,60,77,198],"recent":[11],"years":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,28,99,138,200],"the":[15,54,64,67,72,79,101,113,126,131,140,149,202,205,209,217,224],"coupled":[16],"breakthrough":[17],"of":[18,53,82,103,166,169,179,184,190,204],"deep":[19],"learning":[20],"algorithms":[21,151],"machine":[23],"vision.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"aims":[27],"develop":[29],"an":[30,94,143,176],"end\u2010to\u2010end":[31],"automatic":[32,233],"agricultural":[33],"food":[34],"grading":[35,236],"system":[36,69,207,227],"based":[37],"on":[38,86,157],"its":[39],"visual":[40],"appearance.":[41],"The":[42,172],"target":[43],"object":[44],"considered":[45],"herein":[46],"is":[47,51,97,128,196],"cucumber":[48,85,114,127,141,173],"as":[49],"it":[50],"one":[52],"vegetables":[55],"that":[56,111,164],"can":[57,90,213,228],"be":[58,91,136,214,229],"grown":[59],"many":[61],"countries":[62],"around":[63],"world.":[65],"Particularly,":[66],"developed":[68],"incorporates":[70],"both":[71],"software":[73],"hardware":[75],"components,":[76],"which":[78],"geometric":[80],"properties":[81,117],"a":[83,87,104,147,158,167],"moving":[84],"conveyor":[88],"belt":[89],"computed.":[92],"Concretely,":[93],"industrial":[95],"camera":[96],"employed":[98],"capture":[100],"image":[102],"cucumber.":[105],"Then,":[106],"three":[107],"individual":[108],"detection":[109,188],"systems":[110],"perform":[112],"identification,":[115],"geometry":[116],"approximation,":[118],"defect":[120,187],"detection,":[121],"are":[122],"designed.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"if":[125],"found":[129],"defective,":[130],"PLC":[132],"motor":[133],"control":[134],"will":[135],"activated":[137],"separate":[139],"into":[142,231],"alternative":[144],"container.":[145],"As":[146],"result,":[148],"proposed":[150,206],"yield":[152],"promising":[153],"performances":[154],"when":[155],"experimenting":[156],"self\u2010collected":[159],"data":[160],"set,":[161],"namely":[162],"\u201cCuc\u201070\u201d":[163],"consists":[165],"total":[168],"4620":[170],"images.":[171],"identification":[174],"generates":[175],"average":[177],"WIoU":[178,189],"93%,":[180],"volume":[181],"approximation":[182],"accuracy":[183],"98%,":[185],"92%.":[191],"In":[192,223],"addition,":[193],"comprehensive":[194],"analysis":[195],"conducted":[197],"order":[199],"validate":[201],"robustness":[203],"compelling":[210],"performance":[211],"executed":[212],"evidenced":[215],"from":[216],"quantitative":[218],"qualitative":[220],"results":[221],"reported.":[222],"future,":[225],"this":[226],"integrated":[230],"online":[232],"sorting":[234],"for":[237],"effective":[238],"manufacturing":[239],"production.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}